1、* 中国科学技术大学 1计算机体系结构周学海0551-63601556, 63492271中国科学技术大学Chapter1 量化设计与分析基础 1.1 引言 计算机的分类 计算机体系结构的定义 现代计算机系统发展趋势 1.2 定量分析基础* 中国科学技术大学 23Computing Devices ThenEDSAC, University of Cambridge, UK, 1949* 中国科学技术大学* 中国科学技术大学 4Computing Systems TodayScalable, Reliable,Secure ServicesMEMS for Sensor NetsInterne
2、tConnectivityClustersMassive ClusterGigabit EthernetDatabasesInformation CollectionRemote StorageOnline GamesCommerce The world is a large parallel system Microprocessors in everything Vast infrastructure behind themRobotsRoutersCarsSensorNetsRefrigerators计算机的分类 个人移动设备 (PMD) e.g. smart phones, table
3、t computers 1 billion sold/year Market dominated by ARM-ISA-compatible general-purpose processor in system-on-a-chip (SoC) Plus sea of custom accelerators (radio, image, video, graphics, audio, motion, location, security, etc.) Emphasis on energy efficiency and real-time 桌面计算（ Desktop Computing） Emp
4、hasis on price-performance 服务器（ Servers）Emphasis on availability, scalability, throughput* 中国科学技术大学 5计算机的分类（续） 集群 /仓库级计算机（ Clusters / Warehouse Scale Computers） 100,000s cores per warehouse Market dominated by x86-compatible server chips Dedicated apps, plus cloud hosting of virtual machines Startin
5、g to see some GPU usage, but mostly general-purpose CPU code Used for “Software as a Service (SaaS)” Sub-class: Supercomputers, emphasis: floating-point performance and fast internal networks Emphasis on availability and price-performance 嵌入式计算机（ Embedded Computers） Wired/wireless network infrastruc
6、ture, printers Consumer TV/Music/Games/Automotive/Camera/MP3 Emphasis: price* 中国科学技术大学 6并行及并行体系结构 应用程序中的并行 :Data-Level Parallelism (DLP)Task-Level Parallelism (TLP) 硬件挖掘应用程序的 DLP或 TLP的方式 )Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP)Vector architectures/Graphic Processor Units (GPUs)Thread-Level ParallelismRe
7、quest-Level Parallelism* 中国科学技术大学 7Flynns Taxonomy 单指令流，单数据流 (SISD) 单指令流，多数据流 (SIMD)Vector architecturesMultimedia extensionsGraphics processor units 多指令流，单数据流 (MISD)No commercial implementation 多指令流，多数据流 (MIMD)Tightly-coupled MIMDLoosely-coupled MIMD* 中国科学技术大学 8计算机体系结构的定义？9ApplicationPhysicsGap too
8、 large to bridge in one stepIn its broadest definition, computer architecture is the design of the abstraction layers that allow us to implement information processing applications efficiently using available manufacturing technologies.(but there are exceptions, e.g. magnetic compass)* 中国科学技术大学* 中国科
9、学技术大学 10现代计算机系统的抽象层次AlgorithmGates/Register-Transfer Level (RTL)ApplicationInstruction Set Architecture (ISA)Operating System/Virtual MachineMicroarchitectureDevicesProgramming LanguageCircuitsPhysicsOriginal domain of the computer architect(50s-80s)Domain of recent computer architecture(90s)Reliability, power, Parallel computing, security, Reinvigoration of computer architecture, mid-2000s onward.
