1、国际结算专业词汇A AcceptanceThe act of giving a written undertaking on the face of a usance bill of exchange to pay a stated sum on the maturity date indicated by the drawee of the bill, (usually in exchange for documents of title to goods shipped on D/A terms) - see Collections Introduction.Acceptance Cred
2、itA documentary credit which requires the beneficiary to draw a usance bill for subsequent acceptance by the issuing bank or the advising bank or any other bank as the credit stipulates - see Documentary Credits.Accommodation BillIn the context of fraud, a bill drawn without a genuine underlying com
3、mercial transaction.AccounteeAnother name for the applicant/opener of a documentary credit i.e. the importer = the person for whose account the transaction is made.Advice of FateThe Collecting Bank informs the Remitting Bank of non- payment/non-acceptance or (for D/A bills) of acceptance and the bil
4、l maturity date - see Handling Import Collections.AdvisingAct of conveying the terms and conditions of a DC to the beneficiary. The advising bank is the issuing bank agent, usually located in the beneficiary country - see Export - DC Advising.Advising also involves authentication i.e. advising bank
5、should take reasonable care to check the apparent authenticity of the credit (ICC UCC 500 Art 7).AmendmentAlteration to the terms of a DC; amendments must stem from the applicant, be issued and advised to the beneficiary; the beneficiary has the right to refuse an amendment if the credit is irrevoca
6、ble - see Amendments to DCs.ApplicantOne who applies to his bank to issue a documentary credit; in the majority of credits issued the applicant is an importer of goods AvaliseThe act by a bank in guaranteeing payment of a bill of exchange or promissory note by endorsing the reverse with the words go
7、od per aval and signed by the bank, or by the issuance of a separate guarantee. BBack-to-Back CreditA credit issued against the security back of another credit (master credit) on the understanding that reimbursement will stem from documents eventually presented under the first credit (master credit)
8、 issued - see Special DCs. It follows therefore that each side of a B/B transaction covers the shipment of the same goods.BeneficiaryA payee or recipient, usually of money.A party in whose favour a documentary credit is established, usually the exporter.Bill for Collection (BC)Document(s) or cheque
9、submitted through a bank for collection of payment from the drawee.Bill of Exchange (B/E)An unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at fixed or determinable future time a sum
10、certain in money to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer.Bill of Lading (B/L)A receipt for goods for shipment by sea. It is a Document of Title: see Documents.Bill Receivable (BR)Bills which are financed by the receiving branch, whether drawn under a DC or not, are treated as BRs by b
11、oth the remitting branch and the receiving branches - see Bills Receivable.Blank EndorsedWhen a bill of lading is made out to order or shipper order and the shipper has signed on the back of it, it is said to be blank endorsed. The bill of lading then becomes a bearer instrument and the holder can p
12、resent it to the shipping company to take delivery of the goods. CCarrierPerson or company undertaking for hire the conveyance of goods e.g. shipping companyCase of NeedAgent nominated by a principal, to whom the collecting bank may refer in specified circumstances concerning collections - see the s
13、ections on Collections.ChaserReminder sent by the collecting (or DC issuing) bank to the importer, repeating a request for payment - see Handling Import Collections.CleanUsed to describe a draft/cheque with no shipping documents - see Collections Introduction.Used to describe a bill of lading withou
14、t clauses that expressly declare a defective condition of the goods or the packing.Clean Bill PurchasedA collection bill purchased with no shipping Purchase documents - see Financing Export Collections.Clean Bill Receivable (CBR)BR (Bill Receivable) with no shipping documents. The term is more often
15、 used for non-trade bills such as travellers cheques.Clean CollectionA draft with no documents Collection attached - see Collections ?Introduction?Clean Import Loan (CIL)A loan granted to an importer for payment of import bills, without the Bank having any claim to the goods.Collection BankBank in t
16、he drawee country that is instructed to collect payment from the drawee - see Collections Introduction.Collection OrderForm submitted, with documents, to the Remitting/Negotiating Bank by an exporter with his instructions - see Collections ?Introduction.ConfirmingAct of a bank other than the issuing
17、 bank assuming the liability for payment, acceptance or negotiation of correctly presented documents under a DC - see Confirmation of DCs. ConsigmentShipment of goods.ConsigneeThe person/company/bank to whom the goods are delivered - usually the importer or the Collecting Bank - see Handling Import
18、Collections.ConsignorAlso called shipper, is the person/company who sends goods by ship, by land or air.Contingent LiabilityA liability that arises only under specified conditions, e.g. when a bank opens a DC it incurs an obligation to make a future payment on condition that the terms are fully met.
19、 DDC BillsBills drawn under documentary credits.Deferred Payment Credit (DPC)A DC which allows the nomination of a bank, or the issuing bank to effect payment against stipulated documents at a maturity date as specified or determinable from the wording of the credit.DemurrageA charge made by a shipp
20、ing company or a port authority for failure to load or remove goods within the time allowed.DiscountingAct of purchasing an accepted usance bill of exchange at an amount less than the face value.DiscrepancyAny deviation from the terms and conditions of a DC, or the documents presented thereunder, or
21、 any inconsistency between the documents themselves - see Negotiation under DCs.DishonourNon-payment or non-acceptance.Documentary Credit (DC)A conditional undertaking by a bank to make payment, often abbreviated to credit. More precisely, it is a written undertaking by a bank (issuing bank) given t
22、o the seller (beneficiary) at the request of the buyer (applicant) to pay a sum of money against presentation of documents complying with the terms of the credit within a set time limit.DocumentsThe characteristics and importance of the various documents associated with Import/Export operations are
23、explained and illustrated in Deciding on Documents.Documents Against Acceptance (D/A)Instruction for commercial documents to be released to the drawee on acceptance of the Bill of Exchange - see Collections ?Introduction.Documents Against Payment (D/P)Instruction for documents to be released to the
24、drawee only on payment - see Collections ?Introduction.Documents of TitleDocuments that give their owner the right to the goods, i.e. Bill of Lading.DraftBill of exchange issued by an exporter and submitted to his bank for collection, or under a DC - usually submitted with attached shipping document
25、s - not to be confused with a bankers draft which is sometimes used as a vehicle for reimbursement.DraweeParty on whom a bill is drawn and the one to whom presentation is to be made according to the collection order - the importer (NB: for DC bills, the drawee is usually the DC issuing bank).DrawerT
26、he exporter, who draws the Bill of Exchange/draft which in itself is a claim for payment.Due DateMaturity date for payment EExpiry DateLatest date, usually in the country of the beneficiary, on which negotiation/payment of a DC can take place. FFinanced BillsBills sent on collection in which the rem
27、itting branch has a financial interest.Foreign Bill Purchased (FBP)A bill remitted to a correspondent bank in which the remitting branch is financing the exporter - see Financing Export Collections.Forward Exchange ContractContract between the Bank and its customer to buy/sell a fixed amount of fore
28、ign currency at a future date at a specified rate. This could be for a customer to make payment under a DC or to sell the proceeds received from an export negotiation.FreightGoods OR the cost of transporting goods. GGeneral AverageLoss which is the result of a sacrifice voluntarily made or an expens
29、e incurred; for the sole purpose of saving a ship and its cargo in face of a common danger (e.g. jettison of cargo to lighten a ship in distress). The loss is borne proportionately by ship and cargo owners according to their respective interests in the voyage.Gross WeightThe weight of the merchandis
30、e in its shipping form, i.e. including all its packaging. IICC 322Uniform Rules for CollectionsICC 323Standard Forms for Issuing Documentary CreditsICC 420Guide to the Prevention of International Trade Fraud.ICC 460Incoterms 1990. Explains the 13 standard Incoterms.ICC 500Uniform Customs and Practic
31、e for Documentary Credits (1993 revision) replaced the previous ICC 400 as from 1 January 1994.ICC 522Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1995 revision) replaced the previous ICC 322 as from 1 January 1996.Import LicenseA permit issued by the importing countryS authorities in respe
32、ct of goods subject to import licensing restrictions.IncotermsShipping Terms - see Introduction to International Trade.IndemnityAlso known as Letter of Guarantee (L/G), it is an undertaking given in respect of discrepancies in documents presented under a credit. The beneficiary who issues the indemn
33、ity is primarily liable to repay funds received from the negotiating bank in settlement under the credit, if the negotiating bank cannot obtain reimbursement from the issuing bank as a result of documents being rejected by the applicant.Inherent ViceThe propensity of a commodity to self-destruction
34、which gives rise to a high insurance risk, therefore cover is given only after payment of an additional premium (e.g. fruit rots, coal-dust spontaneously ignites).International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)The international body which promotes and facilitates world trade, and which codifies world trade
35、practices in various publications - see ICC Rules?under Introduction to International Trade.Irrevocable CreditConstitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank and the confirming bank, if any, to honour the credit provided the terms of the credit are observed. It may be advised to the beneficia
36、ry without engagement by the advising bank, and cannot be amended or cancelled unless the issuing bank, the confirming bank and the beneficiary agree.Issuing BankThe bank that opens a documentary credit at the request of its customer, the applicant. LLetter of Credit (L/C)American term for documenta
37、ry credit. In the United States, the terms D/C can often be confused for documentary collection.Letter of HypothecationA promise to hold goods as security taken from customers who are granted loans against goods imported on a collection basis.Loan Against Imports (LAI)Loans granted to import custome
38、rs for payment of bills. MMaster CreditIn back-to-back operations, the original export credit against which the second credit is openedMaturityDue date of payment of a usance bill or promissory note.NNegotiable/Non-NegotiableUsually used with regard to Bills of Lading: a negotiable B/L is a valid do
39、cument of title, while a non-negotiable B/L is not - the beneficiary of a DC (the exporter) may send the importer a non-negotiable B/L for information.NegotiationPurchase of drafts under a documentary credit which the issuing bank has undertaken to pay.Net WeightThe weight of the merchandise before
40、any packaging.Non-DC BillsBills not drawn under DC i.e. sent on a collection basis (D/P or D/A). In common usage we distinguish between Non DC bills which are financed collections and DCs which are non-financed.Non-Financed BillsBills sent on collection in which the remitting branch has no financial
41、 interest.NotingThe first stage in protest of a dishonoured bill: if instructed to protest for non-payment/non- acceptance, the collecting bank must send the bill to a notary public who will represent it to the drawee on the same day it was refused, or the next business day. If the drawee still refu
42、ses the bill the notary public notes on the bill: the amount of his charges, the date and his initials. The reason for refusal is shown on a note attached to the bill. The bill is then protested - see Protest.OOpenerSee Applicant.Opening BankSee Issuing Bank.Order (To)The phrase To Order is sometime
43、s shown on Bills of Lading against consignee: this means that the Bill of Lading must be endorsed in blank by the shipper (i.e. not to any particular named party which makes it bearer document and it becomes transferable by delivery.) PPacking CreditA loan given to the beneficiary by the bank to ena
44、ble him to purchase raw materials. The beneficiary is usually requested to deposit the DC with the bank as security.Past DueBill or loan that has not been paid on the maturity date/due date.Paying BankThe bank that makes payment to the beneficiary of a payment DC after presentation to it of document
45、s stipulated in the DC.Perils of the SeasThey are accidents or casualties of the sea. The ordinary actions of the winds and waves are not included. Heavy or tempestuous weather on a voyage is of sufficient violence to constitute a peril of the sea.Power of AttorneyAuthority given to one party to act
46、 for another.PresentationAct of requesting the importer 抯 payment/acceptance of an import bill. - See Handling Import Collections.Presenting BankThe bank that requests payment of a collection bill - may be the Collecting Bank or its nominated branch or local correspondent, which is better placed to contact the importer.
