1、第一章Study questions1、 Distinguish between the study of anatomy and the study of physiology 描述解剖学和生理学之间的不同：Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts. And physiology is the study of the function of the body parts. Anatomy and Physiology are closely connected in that the structure of an organ
2、suits its function. 2、 Cite an example that shows the relationship between the structure and function of body parts.Answer: the stomachs pouch like shape and ability to expand are suitable to its function of storing food.3. List the levels of organization within the human body in reference to a spec
3、ific organ.Answer: atommoleculemacromoleculecellorgan4、区别矢状面、横截面和冠状面答：矢状面是从人体的中央把人分成左右两部分的面，横截面是从人体的中央把人体分成上下两部分的平面，冠状面是从人体的中央把人体分成前后两部分的平面。5、区别人体的主体和附属部分并列出不少于两个的关于头部、胸、腹或四肢的解剖术语答：主题部分包括头、颈和躯干，躯干又包括胸部、腹部和盆骨，附属部分包括手臂和腿。Cephalic 头的 palmar 手掌的 frontal 额的 oral 口腔的 nasal 鼻的 vertebral 脊椎的 pelvic 骨盆的 lumb
4、ar 腰的6、辨别前体腔和后体腔并分别写出其中的两个小体腔答：身体前半部的体腔即前体腔，后半部的体腔即后体腔。前体腔包括：胸腔，腹腔和盆腔后体腔包括：颅腔和脊腔7、Name the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity, use the following terms to divide the abdominopelivic cavity into nine regions, epigastic, umbilical hypogastric, hypochondric , lumbar, and iliac.说出四个象限中的腹腔名称，再把这些
5、腹腔分成 9 个器官：脐部，腹上部，腹下部，左右腰部，左右髂骨区，左右肋根区。答：（1） 、这四个象限为：右上、左上、右下、左下象限。（2） 、脐部：在其中间和其四周部分腹上部：处于脐部正上方腹下部：处于脐部正下方腰部：处在脐部的左右两侧髂骨区：处在脐部的下部两侧8.name the major organ systems and describe the general function of each.循环系统心脏、血管、脾、淋巴管经血液运输物质；调节酸碱平衡；保证免于疾病和体液流失，运送营养物质到全身各处，并带走废物。呼吸系统鼻、咽、喉、气管、肺 提供氧并排出二氧化碳；帮助调节酸碱平衡。
6、消化系统舌、牙齿、咽、食管、大肠消化吸收食物供细胞利用并排除残渣。泌尿系统肾、膀胱、输尿管、尿道 过滤血液和调节化学成分、液体容积和血液的电解质平衡。骨骼系统骨、软骨、关节、韧带支持、保护、运动；血细胞生成的地方。肌肉系统肌肉、肌腱引起身体运动、保持平衡姿势；产生人体所需热量。皮肤系统-皮肤、毛发、指甲、汗腺、皮脂腺 支持皮下组织。神经系统脑、脊髓、神经、感觉器对环境的变化做出反应、推理、论证协调身体平衡。内分泌系统内分泌腺化学调控和整和人体活动。生殖系统生殖腺、生殖器 产生配子和性激素。 9. List the major organs found within each organ sys
7、temIntegumentary system: skin hair nails sweat glands and sebaceous gland.Skeletal system: skull hyoid bone vertebral column thoracic cage girdles and limbs.Muscular system: skeletal muscle cardiac muscle and smooth muscleNervous system: brain spinal cord sense organEndocrine system: hypophysis thym
8、usCirculatory system: heart blood vesselsRespiratory system: lungs trachea Digestive system: mouth esophagus stomach: small intestine large intestine.Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels spleen lymph wades thymus red bone marrowUrinary system: kidneyReproductive system: penis testis oraries uterus 10
9、、Define homeostasis, and explain its importanceHomeostasis means that the human bodys internal environment remains relatively constant regardless of the conditions in the external environment. Explain: 1. Blood glucose concentration remains at about 0.1%2. The PH of the blood is always near 7.43. Bl
10、ood pressure in the brachial artery average near 120/80. 4. Blood temperature averages around 37.degree.Translation: 动态平衡是指将人体内环境维持在一个相对稳定的状态，不受外界干扰。重要性：血糖含量大约为 0.1%，血液的 PH 值接近 7.4，血压为 120/80，体温维持在 37 度左右。Objective questions1. match the terms in the key to the relationships given in question 1-51. t
11、he esophagus in relationship to the stomach- superior (上侧)2. the ears in relation to the nose- lateral (外侧)3. the shoulder in relation to the hard -proximal (近侧)4. the intestines in relation to the vertebrae-anterior(前侧)5. the rectum in relation to the mouth -inferior(下侧)6. buttocks-gluteal 臀的7. pal
12、m-palmar 手掌的8. back of head-occipital 后头部的9. mouth -oral 口的10. skin-cutaneous 皮肤的11. armpit-axillary 腋的12. neck -cervical 颈的13. stomach-abdominal cavity 腹腔14. heart-thoracic cavity 胸腔15. urinary bladder 膀胱-spinal cavity 脊髓腔16. brain-cranial cavity 颅腔17. liver 肝脏-腹腔18. small intestine 小肠-pelvic cavit
13、y 盆腔19. thyroid gland- endocrine system 20. lungs- respiratory system 21. heart- circulatory system22. ovaries- reprochcctive system 23. brain- nervous system 24. stomach- digestive system 25. kidneys- urinary system26. A(n) organ (器官) is composed of several types of tissues and performs a particula
14、r function.27. The imaginary plane that passes through the midline of the body is called the midsagittal (矢状平面)plane.28. all the organ systems of the body together function to maintain organism(生物体) ，a relative constancy of the internal environment.Chapter 2Study Question1. describe the composition
15、of an atom, and explain the weight and charge of an atoms components (p.17)描述一个原子的构成并说明原子的重量和电荷。答：原子由质子、中子、电子组成。化学中以碳原子质量的十二分之一为一个原子质量单位。其约等于一个质子或一个中子的质量，一个原子的重量为质子和中子个数和的原子质量单位。一个质子带一个单位的正电荷，一个电子带一个单位负电荷，当原子中质子和电子数相等时，原子呈电中性。2. give an example of an ionic reaction, and define the term ion.(p.18)给出一
16、个离子反应的例子，并对离子下定义。答：H + + OH- = H2O离子是一种带有正电荷或负电荷的粒子。3. state the function of some important ions in the body.(p.18,20)K +Na+：在肌肉收缩和神经传导中起重要作用。Cl-： 主要形成胃酸（HCl）Ca+： 骨骼和牙齿的重要成分；对肌肉收缩十分重要。PO ：组成骨骼，牙齿，ATP 和核酸等的重要成分。4Fe2+：主要存在于血红蛋白中，与氧气结合。H+ 、NH 、 HCO OH-： 维持人体的酸碱平衡。434. give an example of a covalent reat
17、ion, and define the term covalent bond.(p.18,20)给出一个共价反应的例子，并确定共价键类型。Key: when oxygen reacts with two hydrogen atoms, water is formed.当氧气和两个氢原子反应时，生成一个水分子，共价键类型为极性共价键。5. what are electrolytes, and how are they important?(p.21)电解质是什么？它是如何显的重要？答：物质溶于水分解生成离子，就称为电解质。电解质能够平衡血液和肌体组织，血液、机体组织中的电解质平衡对身体健康很重要
18、，因为它能影响重要器官的功能，例如：心脏、大脑。and release ions when put into water are called eltralytes. 6. on the PH scale, which numbers indicate a basic solutions? An acidic solution?(p.22)在 PH 值中，哪一个标值显示碱性，哪一个显示酸性。Key: any PH value below 7 is acidic, any PH value above 7 is basis.PH 值在 7 以上称为碱性，在 7 以下得显酸性。7. what ar
19、e buffers, and why are they important to life?(p.22)Key: a buffers is a chemical or a combination of chemicals that can take up excess H* or excess OH*. When an acid is add to a buffed solution, the buffer takes up excess H* and when a base is added to a buffered solution, the buffer takes up excess
20、 OH* maintain the H* at a contain level.缓冲器是一种化学物质或化学物质的混合物，它能吸收多余的 H*和 OH*。当酸加入缓冲溶液，缓冲器吸收多余的 H*，当碱加入缓冲溶液，缓冲器吸收多余的 OH*，血液 PH 约为7.4，否则人会生病，缓冲器则就维持了人体的 PH 浓度在一个稳定水平。8. name a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide, and state appropriate functions. What is the most common unit molecule for th
21、ese?(p.23)Key: monosaccharide contains glucose, fructose, and galuctoseBisaccharide contains mattose and sucrosePolysaccharide contains glycogen, strarch and celluloseGlycogen is the cell primary energy sourceGlycogen is the storage from glucose in humanStrarch is the storage from of glucose plantsS
22、trarch is an important source of glucose energy in diet because it can be hydrolyzed to glucose digestive enzymes.Cellulse is unable to digested and may help prerent colon cancer.The glucose is the most common unite molecule for these.单糖包括葡萄糖，果糖和半乳糖。二糖包括麦芽糖和蔗糖、乳糖。多糖包括糖元，淀粉和纤维素。葡萄糖是细胞能量的来源。糖元是葡萄糖在人体的
23、主要存储形式。淀粉是葡萄糖在植物种的主要存储形式。淀粉能被水解成葡萄糖（在消化道内） ，因此是从食物中或得葡萄糖的主要来源。纤维素在消化道内不能被消化，它可以有助于预防肠癌。葡萄糖是上面这些物质得最常见的分子。9. what type of unit molecules react to form a molecule of fat? Explain the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid. (p.24)Key: glycerol reacts with fatty acids fo
24、rm fat saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms, the carbon chain is saturated. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in the carbon chain.甘油与脂肪酸反应形成脂肪。饱和脂肪酸没有双键，碳链是饱和的。不饱和脂肪酸在碳链中有双键。10. name several types of lipids, and state their functions.(pp.24-25)列出几种脂类，分析他们的功能。Ke
25、y: fats, steroids, phospholipids and so on.Steroid: hormone helps to regulate the sodium level of blood the sex hormone such as estrogen and teatosterone which help to maintain and female characteristics.Phospholipids: contains the plasma membrane and.脂肪：保温，储能磷脂：组成细胞膜类固醇：胆固醇改变血液中的钠的量，性激素保持性征。11. des
26、cribe the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins. What functions do proteins serve in the body?(pp.27-28)描述第一第二第三蛋白质结构？人体蛋白质有何功能？Key: primary: the sequence of amino acids in particular polypeptide Secondary: helix, held in place by H-Htertiary: three-dimensional shape of the polypep
27、tide.Protein makes up hair an hails an collagen is a protein found in connective tissue including cartilage, bone and the fibrous connective tissue of ligaments an tendons. Muscles contain proteins that account for muscles ability to contract.一： 不同多肽有不同氨基酸次序，氨基酸按次序连接成肽链。二： 由氢键连接成螺旋结构。三： 空间构形蛋白质构成毛发，
28、软骨与骨连接组织由胶元蛋白，韧带连接处的纤维也有胶元蛋白肌链，肌肉由蛋白质组成。12. what are the two types of nucleic acids in cells, and what are their functions? What in the unit molecule of a nucleic acid? Name four differences between DNA and RNA.(p.29)细胞中两种核酸？有哪些功能？核酸的基本单元？列出 DNA 和 RNA 的四个不同点？key: 1. DNA an RNA DNA is a molecule the
29、stores coded information.RNA works in conjunction with DNA to bring about protein synthesis in cells.2. nucleotide3. DNA is double-strandedDNA is helixOnly RNA haruruciluIn DNA there are dexyribesIn RNA there are ribones1. DNA 和 RNA2. DNA 是遗传信息的载体，RNA 是转运信息供蛋白质的合成。3. 核苷酸4. DNA 双链，RNA 单链。DNA 是螺旋结构DNA
30、 中是脱氧糖，RNA 中是核糖RNA 中有尿嘧啶，无胸腺嘧啶。 Objective QuestionsFill in the blanks.1. atom are the smallest units of matter nondivisible by chemical means.2. lsotopes differ by the number of neutrons in the nucleus.3. the two primary types of reactions and bonds are 共价反应 and 离子反应 .4. a type of weak bond, called
31、hydrogen bond, exists between water molecules.5. acidic solutions contain more H ions than basic solutions, but they have a 更小 PH.6. glycogen is a polymer of 葡萄糖 , molecules that serve to give the body immediate 能量。7. a fat hydrolyzes to give one 甘油 molecule and three 脂肪酸 molecules.8. the primary st
32、ructure of a protein in the sequence of 氨基酸；the secondary structure in very often a 螺旋；the tertiary structure in the final 空间结构 of the protein.9.酶 speed chemical reactions in cells.10. genes are composed of DNA , a nucleic acid made up 核苷酸 joined together.Chapter 3Study Questions:P461.Answer: The pl
33、asma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with attached or embedded proteins. The phosopholipid molecule has a polar head and non polar tails.原生质膜为磷酯双分子层，其中镶嵌蛋白质分子，磷酯分子，极性头部向外，为亲水基，无极性尾部向内。2 Answer:细胞核被内质网围绕，细胞核中含染色体，染色体中含 DNA，DNA 为双螺旋结构，还包含信使 RNA（mRNA）和转运 RNA（tRNA） 。3 Answer:DNA 含遗传信息能指导蛋白质合成，DNA 上的遗
34、传信息，被 mRNA 复制，成为 mRNA 上特定的碱基序列，然后再在核糖体中通过 tRNA 转运氨基酸。在核糖体中RNA（rRNA）帮助合成蛋白质。4Describe the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum(ER). In clued the terms smooth ER, and ribosomes in your description.Answer:The endoplasmic reticulum(ER) forms a membranons system of tubnlar canalsthat begins at
35、 the nuclear envelope and branches throughout the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are attached to portions of the endoplasmic reticulum. If ribosomes are present, the reticulum is called rough ER; If ribosomes are not present, it is called smooth ER.In certain cells, smooth ER contains enzymes that make lipids
36、, such as steroid hormones.The ribosomes present on rough ER function in protein synthesis.内质网存在于细胞质，是联结核膜与细胞质的通道。附着核糖体的内质网叫粗面内质网，附着的核糖体利用从内质网运来的 MRNA 合成蛋白质。5The Golqi apparatus is composed of a stack of six or more saccules that look like fattened vacuoles . At the edges of the saccules are rounded
37、 vacuoles and vesicles.Answer:The Golqi apparatus is especially well developed in cells that secrecte a productfor example, in the pancreatic cells that make digestives or the bronchial cells that produce mucus.A lysosome is a special type of vesicle formed by the Golqi apparatus.All lysosomes carry
38、 out intracelyclar digestion and contain digestive enzymes.高尔基体存在于细胞质，是与分泌有关的细胞器。溶酶体含溶解酶，起到保护的作用。6 Answer:线粒体是动物体中的能源站， 有外膜与内膜。内膜向内凹陷形成脊，上面附有基粒。内膜内充满了基质。线粒体中发生 carbohydrate+oxygencarbon dioxide +water +ATP energy(C6H12O6+10O26CO 2+12H2O+34ATP)为人体提供能量。7Describe the structure and function of centriole
39、s. Mentim the mitomc spindle in your description.Answer: Centrioles are short cylinders that contain fine tubules called microtubules.Usually, two centrioles lie at right angles to one another near the nucleus,. Centrioles are believed to give rise to basal bodies that direct the formation of cilia.
40、 Centrioles may also be involved in the movement of material throughout the cells and in the organization of the spindle during cell division.结构：中心体是带有微管的短圆柱体,一般两个中心体分别位于细胞核的右角。功能：引起形成鞭毛的基体。中心体还参与细胞内物质的运动和纺锤体的形成。8Contrast passive transport coliffusion osmisis filtration, with active transport of mol
41、ecules across the plasma membrane.Answer:Passive transport takes molecules an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, and cells do not expend any energy.Active transport takes molecules an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, and need carrier protei
42、ns and an expenditure of energy.9. Refine osmosis, and disscuss the effects of placing ned blood cells in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic.Answer:Osmosis is the diffusion of water across plasma membrane. It occurs where concentrations of water on either side of a selectively permeableMembrane are
43、unequal.In an isotonic solution ,the appearance of a red cell remains the same. In a hyptonic solution, the cell swells to busting and in a hypertonic solution,cell shrinks.10. What are the endocytosis and exocytosis?(什么是吞噬和胞外分泌？)答：物质以泡形式进入细胞，这叫做吞噬。细胞质中的食物泡同源生质膜相溶合，将泡内的物质释放出去的过程叫做胞外分泌。11. Dscribe mi
44、tosis ,and discuss the function of mitosis in humans.(描述有丝分裂，并谈以下有丝分裂的意义。)答：体细胞的分裂叫有丝分裂，一个母细胞产生两个相同的子细胞。有丝分裂分为四个阶段。前期，染色体形成，核膜消失；中期，染色体排列在赤道板，形成纺锤体；后期，着丝点分裂，染色体向两极移动；末期，染色体均匀的分布到细胞两极，核膜形成，中间凹陷并分裂为两个细胞，有丝分裂结束。有丝分裂是生长和组织修复所必需的一种细胞分裂，有丝分裂的过程保证了每一个体细胞有相同数目和种类的染色体，因此拥有相同的基因。 。12 . What role does meiosis
45、play in human reproduction?(减数分裂在人类 繁衍中扮演着什么样的角色？ )答：减数分裂在生殖细胞形成时发生，它使得染色体数减半。这样，当生殖细胞结合时，发生了基因的重组，这对于人类种族的发展及人类适应性的发展都起了重要作用。Objective Questions:. 1-c 2-e 3-a 4-d 5-b. 6. 蛋白质 磷酯7. present ribosomes8. 中心体9. Water will enter a cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution.10. Active transport requir
46、es a protein carrier and expenditure for energy.11. Materials taken into a cell by vesicle is also called cell eating.12. At the conclusion of mitosis, each neuly formed cell in humans contains 46 chromosomes.13. At the conclusion of meiosis, each neuly formed cell in humans contains 23 chromosomes.
47、14. The cytoplasm (细胞质)， which is the substance ouside the nucleus of a cell, contains bodies called organelles(细胞器) each with a specific structure and function.Study Questions*第四章 人体的组织和膜一 Study Questions1 What is a tissue? （什么是组织？）答：组织是由大量形态相似的特定细胞组成的集合，并共同完成人体的某个功能。2 Name the four major types of
48、tissues.（四种主要组织的命名。 ）答：（1）覆盖于体表和体腔表面的组织称作上皮组织。（2）联接并为机体提供必要的营养的组织称作结缔组织。（3）用于收缩的组织称作肌肉组织。（4）对机体所受刺激做出响应并将其从机体的一部分传给另一部分的组织称作神经组织。3What are the functions of epithelial tissue? Name the different kinds of epithelial tissue, and give a location for each.（上皮组织的功能是什么？说出几种不同的上皮组织，并指出它们的位置。 ）答：上皮组织可以保护身体，防止水分蒸发，防止受伤和细菌的侵入。在呼吸道里，它用纤毛清除掉没用的垃圾。在消化道中，分泌黏液来保护消化器官从而不被消化酶分解。上皮组织可分为 4 种：（1）鳞状上皮，位于毛细血管壁和肺泡里
