1、CONSUMERCREDITINFORMATIONSYSTEMSACRITICALREVIEWOFTHELITERATURETOOLITTLEATTENTIONPAIDBYLAWYERSFEDERICOFERRETTIABSTRACTTHISPAPERREVIEWSTHEEXISTINGLITERATUREONCONSUMERCREDITREPORTING,THEMOSTEXTENSIVELYUSEDINSTRUMENTTOOVERCOMEINFORMATIONASYMMETRYANDADVERSESELECTIONPROBLEMSINCREDITMARKETSDESPITETHECOPIOU
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9、HEINSTITUTIONALASPECTSANDTHEREGULATORYPOLICYOFCREDITREPORTING,STUDIESBECOMESCARCEMARGARETMILLERSEDCREDITREPORTINGSYSTEMSANDTHEINTERNATIONALECONOMY2003OFFERSTHEFIRSTANDSOFARONLYCOMPREHENSIVESTUDYFOCUSINGSPECIFICALLYONCRAS,ASWELLASTHEONLYSOURCEFORTHEINSTITUTIONALASPECTSOFCREDITREPORTINGSYSTEMSTHEBOOKW
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11、SOFTHEWORKEXTENDCASESTUDIESINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESMAINLYSOUTHAMERICANSPROVIDINGEMPIRICALANALYSISOFCREDITREPORTING,THEVOLUMEORIGINALLYATTEMPTSTOPROVIDEANSWERSTOFUNDAMENTALQUESTIONSSUCHASHOWCREDITREPORTINGINSTITUTIONSCANENABLEMARKETSTOOVERCOMEPROBLEMSOFASYMMETRICINFORMATIONINHEROWNCHAPTER,MILLER,USINGRE
12、SULTSFROMAWORLDBANKSURVEY,OFFERSANINSIGHTONTHEINSTITUTIONALDIMENSIONOFCREDITREPORTINGPROVIDINGEMPIRICALDATAONTHESTATEOFTHEARTOFPRIVATEANDPUBLICCRASAROUNDTHEWORLDTHEECONOMISTSHOWSTHATCRASCANPROVIDEBORROWERSWITHTHESOCALLEDREPUTATIONCOLLATERALASAVALUABLEINSTRUMENTFORTIMELYREPAYMENTS,ARGUINGTHATTHETYPEO
13、FDATACOLLECTEDANDDISSEMINATEDBYCRASOFTENPROVIDETHEBESTPREDICTORSOFSUCHREPAYMENTSRIESTRA,WHOSESTARTINGPOINTCENTRESONTHENECESSITYOFCREDITINFORMATIONSHARINGANDTHEROLEOFCRASASKEYACTORSINTHEASSESSMENTOFANINDIVIDUALSABILITYTOREPAYINCURREDDEBTSASWELLASAVALUABLEDISCIPLINARYINSTRUMENTVISAVISBORROWERS,WARNSNE
14、VERTHELESSTHATCRASCANNOTPROVIDEPERFECTORQUASIPERFECTCREDITWORTHINESSASSESSMENTSTHERESEARCH,ANALYZINGEVIDENCEFROMTHEUS,FINDSTHATTHECOLLECTIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEINFORMATIONBYCRASDOESNOTENSURETHEABILITYTOANTICIPATETHEOCCURRENCEOFSITUATIONSOFDEFAULTSAND/OROVERINDEBTEDNESSINADDITION,THEAUTHORARGUESTHATTHECOL
15、LECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFADEQUATEPOSITIVEDATAWILLSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASETECHNICAL,PERSONNELANDFINANCIALREQUIREMENTSOFCREDITBUREAUS,RAISINGTHECOSTFORCREDITINSTITUTIONS,WHICHWILLULTIMATELYBEREFLECTEDINTHECOSTOFLOANSFORCONSUMERS,CONCLUDINGTHATCONSUMERINFORMATION,RESPONSIBLELENDINGPRACTICESANDTHELEGALENVIRO
16、NMENTSHOULDBEBALANCEDINANYPUBLICPOLICYSTRATEGYLOOKINGATTHEISSUEFROMADIFFERENTPERSPECTIVE,JENTZSCHWHOUNDERLINESONCEMORETHEECONOMICBENEFITSOFINFORMATIONSHARINGMECHANISMSPRESENTSANEWPANELMAPPINGTHEREGULATORYENVIRONMENTFORCOMMERCIALREPORTINGTHEECONOMISTDEVELOPSANECONOMETRICANALYSISANDINDEXTOSHOWTHEIMPAC
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18、TRALIZEDMANNER,ANDPROPERTYRIGHTSWOULDSTRENGTHENANDINCREASEINFORMATIONFLOWSTHUSBOOSTINGATHRIVINGCREDITMARKETONASIMILARLINEOFARGUMENT,THESAMEAUTHORPROVIDESINADIFFERENTPAPERAQUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFTHEEFFECTSOFDIFFERINGREGULATORYENVIRONMENTSONBOTHCRASANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHECONSUMERCREDITMARKETTHEAUTHOR,QUA
19、NTIFYINGDATAPROTECTIONREGIMESWITHANECONOMICINDEX,CONTRASTSTHEUSWITHFOUREUROPEANCOUNTRIESTOCONCLUDETHATINFORMATIONEXCHANGEISNOTREALLYINHIBITEDBYPRIVACYREGULATIONSINTHEINDIVIDUALCOUNTRIESBUT,INANYEVENT,THEINTERNATIONALCOMPARISONSHOWEDTHATMORESTRINGENTDATAPROTECTIONREGULATIONSINHIBITTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFCR
20、EDITREPORTSINTERMSOFCREDITREPORTSALESINCONSUMERCREDITMARKETSWHICH,INTURN,COULDRESULTINREDUCEDACCESSTOCREDIT,LESSINTEGRATEDCREDITMARKETS,ANDMORECONSUMERCREDITRISKTHISLATTERCONCLUSIONMAYSEEMQUITEUNCLEARASTOTHEIMPACTOFREGULATIONONBORROWINGSANDINSOMEWAYSOMERESULTSCOULDBEINTERPRETEDASCONTRADICTORY,SPECIA
21、LLYIFCOMPAREDWITHTHECONCLUSIONSOFTHEFORMERPAPERTHEAUTHOR,NEVERTHELESS,ULTIMATELYWARNSTHATINCREASEDACCESSTOCREDITISALSOCORRELATEDWITHINCREASEDCONSUMERINDEBTEDNESSRISINGCONSUMERCREDITRISKINADDITION,SHEFINALLYRECOMMENDSTHATTHEEUSHOULDPROCEEDTOSTANDARDIZEITSCREDITREPORTINGSYSTEMSTOEXCHANGEDATACROSSBORDE
22、RASAPRECONDITIONOFANINTEGRATEDCONSUMERCREDITMARKETPUTTINGTHEIROWNRESEARCHTOGETHER,JENTSCHANDRIESTRAFINDTHATINTEGRATIONINDICATORSOFTHECONSUMERCREDITMARKETWITHINTHEEUROPEANUNIONPROVIDEANEGATIVEPICTUREANDITREMAINSANOBJECTIVEFARFROMACHIEVEMENTTHESTUDYPOINTSOUTTHATTHEUSEXPERIENCETEACHESTHATALIGHTLYREGULA
23、TEDINDUSTRYMAYPROVIDEHIGHVOLUMESOFCREDITREPORTSSOLDWHICHINTURNWOULDCONTRIBUTETOTHEQUICKINTEGRATIONOFCONSUMERCREDITMARKETSATLEASTFORCERTAINMARKETSEGMENTHOWEVERTHEAUTHORSCONCLUDEDIFFERENCESINLANGUAGES,CREDITCULTUREANDSTRONGPREFERENCESFORPRIVACYCONTRIBUTETOACREDITMARKETTHATWILLREMAINDISTINCTEUROPEANAND
24、THATWILLREMAINSEGMENTEDFORPROBABLYAMUCHLONGERTIMECONCLUSIONSLOOKINGAHEAD,LEGALRESEARCHONTHETOPICOFCONSUMERCREDITREPORTINGINTHECONTEXTOFTHEEUROPEANUNIONSEEMSPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTINPARTICULAR,THELEGALCOMMUNITYANDPOLICYMAKERSSHOULDDEBATEOPENLYWHETHERTHESOPHISTICATEDMECHANISMSOFCREDITREPORTINGCOMPLYWITH
25、THEPOSITIVELAWMAINLY,THOUGHNOTEXCLUSIVELY,DATAPROTECTIONANDWHETHERTHELATTERISADEQUATETOCOVERTHEMANYDIFFICULTQUESTIONSANDCOMPLEXLEGALISSUESANDCONCERNSTHATMAYRISE,ABOVEALLOVERTHEPRIVACYRIGHTSANDCIVILLIBERTIESOFINDIVIDUALSTHISSEEMSPARTICULARLYTHECASEANDRIGHTTIMEASTHEEUSINGLEMARKETANDTHEPOLITICALDESIREF
26、ORFURTHERINTEGRATIONANDHARMONIZATIONWITHINTHEEUROPEANUNIONARELIKELYTOHAVEADRAMATICIMPACTONTHEFINANCIALSERVICEINDUSTRYINCLUDING,INPARTICULAR,CONSUMERCREDITLENDINGHARMONIZATIONINTHISSECTOR,HOWEVER,ISLIKELYTOBRINGWITHITANUMBEROFIMPORTANTDECISIONSFORBOTHCREDITGRANTORSANDLEGISLATORS,WHICHCOULDREPRESENTAS
27、OURCEOFCONFLICTANDCONTROVERSIESWITHCONSUMERSTHEPOLICYANDLEGISLATIVEDECISIONSATSTAKE,INFACT,COULDREFLECTINTERESTSTHATPUSHINOPPOSITEDIRECTIONSANDTHATREQUIREADIFFICULTBALANCEBETWEENTHEPROTECTIVECONSUMERATTITUDEVERSUSTHEMARKETORIENTEDANDPROFITSEEKINGCREDITINDUSTRYPERSPECTIVEIFTHESMOOTHOPERATIONANDFURTHE
28、RDEVELOPMENTOFANEFFICIENTFINANCIALMARKETISIMPORTANTFORTHEECONOMY,ATTHESAMETIMETHEREISADUTYTOPRESERVETHEESTABLISHEDRIGHTOFTHEINDIVIDUALTOTHEPRIVACYOFHISORHERTRANSACTIONSASWELLASAFAIRANDLEGITIMATEUSEOFHISORHERESSENTIALANDSTRICTLYNECESSARYPERSONALDATASUCHBALANCESEEMSPARTICULARLYDIFFICULTTOFINDATTHEEUSI
29、NGLEMARKETLEVEL,ASINEUROPECREDITMARKETSARESTILLREPORTEDTOVARYWIDELYTHEONEFROMTHEOTHERANDTOHAVEDEEPDIFFERENCESINCREDITCULTURE,PRACTICE,USE,ANDREGULATORYREGIMESWHICHARGUABLYHAMPERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFATRULYINTEGRATEDSINGLEEUROPEANMARKETANDPOLITICALUNION外文题目CONSUMERCREDITINFORMATIONSYSTEMSACRITICALREVIEWOFT
30、HELITERATURETOOLITTLEATTENTIONPAIDBYLAWYERS出处PUBLISHEDONLINE6JULY2007SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLC2007作者FEDERICOFERRETTI译文消费信贷信息系统一个关键文献之回顾,支付太少费德里科法拉摘要本文综述了消费信贷报告是最广泛的使用工具,以克服信息不对称和信贷市场逆向选择问题。尽管有丰富的文学和经济学的一些法规政策研究,但法律界已经几乎没有注意的消费信贷信息体系的法律框架,特别是在欧洲联盟范围内。然而,关于这个专题的研究,特别有关针对单一市场消费信贷的建立。这篇文章最后呼吁进一步研
31、究解决消费者的法律保护问题,并告知将来的立法。关键词消费信贷报告,文献综述,法律框架简介这项工作探索消费信贷风险管理系统,由贷款人的信用信息作为一种工具使用。这种装置在承销借贷决定或供应的货物和服务给客户已成为最广泛使用的工具。贷款人,事实上,获得信贷参考数据库管理的第三方供应商(即所谓的信用咨询机构),以评估消费者的信用申请和他或她的信用。如今,几乎没有一个国家,没有一个地方的信用信息在共享系统中,如世界银行,而国际组织仍然在实施那几个新兴经济体。这类系统有彻底综合自己信用授予实践,有时从国家一些微小的方面来看不同的西方经济体。值得注意的是,消费信贷报告不是由法律规定而是基本共享设备,依靠自
32、愿提供不定数量的贷款,而这又是相同的信贷评级机构和自己客户的数据的客户信贷评级机构。通过这种方式,信贷评级机构对他们来自不同银行客户最终保持在全部数据共享机制收集资料的基础上,与此同时,供应相同的银行费用和消费者的信用报告。在经济理论上,评级机构已经发展成为组织提供金融系统的信息共享设备,以满足借款人和贷款人之间的信息不对称问题。通过提供快速获得有关潜在借款人的标准化信息,他们代表回应了这种类型的数据市场的需求,即银行及其他金融中介机构的需要。体制问题和监管政策的文学此外,当涉及到体制方面的分析和监管政策的信用报告时,研究非常稀少。玛格丽特米勒主编“征信体系和国际经济”(2003)提供了第一个
33、也是迄今唯一的综合性研究,特别侧重于信贷评级机构,以及作为信用报告制度的体制方面的唯一来源。该图书已被写为世界所进行的与发展中国家在一起补充咨询和代理银行的融资能力进行一个研究项目的一部分,扩展了现有的经济研究,提供对信用报告的重要性,进一步的通过理论和经验证据来确定信誉。虽然工作的几章的案例研究多在发展中国家(主要是南方的美国人)提供信用报告的实证分析,体积原本试图提供信用报告,例如如何使市场机构,可以克服信息不对称的问题,根本的问题的答案。在她自己的一章,米勒利用世界银行的调查结果,提供了对信贷提供对世界各地的私营和公共信贷评级机构最先进的实证数据报告体制方面的见解。经济学家表明,信贷评级
34、机构能提供所谓的信誉抵押品作为一个有价值的工具,及时还款的借款人,理由是收集的数据类型和信贷评级机构提供这种传播往往还款的最佳预测。RIESTRA,其出发点中心的信贷信息共享的必要性和评级机构作为主要参与者的作用,在一个人的能力偿还所负的债务,以及作为一种有价值的纪律仪器可见,一可见借款人的评估,尽管如此,信贷评级机构不能提供完美或准完美的信用评估。研究分析了美国的证据,认定,信贷评级机构的综合信息收集并不能保证能够预见到发生违约情况和或以上的债务。此外,笔者认为,收集和维护足够的正面数据将大大增加技术,人才和征信机构的财务要求,提高对信贷机构的成本,这将最终在消费信贷的成本反映,认为消费者信
35、息,负责的贷款行为和法律环境应该是平衡的任何公共政策战略。在这个问题上从不同的角度看,JENTZSCH,再一次强调了信息共享机制的经济效益,提出了一种新的面板映射为商业报告的监管环境。经济学家计量经济分析和发展指数显示在共享的监管及其对信贷市场的广度效应以及数据的影响。她提出,监管环境是至关重要的,具有重大影响的信息共享事实上,更多的信息来源,通过规例规定,对他们来说更好地获得高集中度(即信息分散,但不是在一个集中的方式收集)和财产权利将加强和提高信息流动从而带动一个蓬勃发展的信贷市场。跟一个类似的说法一致,同一作者提供了一个不同的纸张上的两个不同的信贷评级机构和消费信贷市场的效率的监管环境的
36、影响进行定量分析。笔者用经济指标量化数据保护制度,对比欧洲四国与美国缔结的信息交流是不是真的在抑制个别国家保密法规,但在任何情况下,国际比较表明,有更多严格的资料保护法规抑制了消费信贷市场的分销信用报告(按销售额计算的信用报告),这反过来,可能导致减少了获得信贷,集成度较低的信贷市场,更多的消费信贷风险。后者的结论看上去似乎很不清楚的影响借款,但在某一种结果中可以解释为矛盾的,特别与前相比,论文中的结论方式产生了影响尚不清楚。笔者,不过,最终提出,增加获得信贷也增加消费者债务上升的消费信贷风险的相关性。此外,她最后建议,欧盟应该进行规范其征信系统交换数据作为一个综合消费信贷市场的前提跨境。把自
37、己的研究放在一起,JENTSCH和RIESTRA发现,消费信贷市场一体化指标在欧洲联盟内部提供一个负的图片,它仍然从实现一目标还很遥远。这项研究指出,美国的经验告诉我们一个轻度监管行业可提供的销售,这反过来又促进消费信贷市场的快速整合,至少在某些市场领域大批量的信用报告。然而,作者的结论为隐私DIFFERENCES在语言,文化和强烈的偏好信贷有助于信贷市场将保持鲜明的欧洲,这将可能保持更长的时间分割。结论展望未来,对消费者在欧洲联盟范围内的信用问题的法律研究报告显得尤为重要。特别是,法律界和政策制定者应该公开讨论是否成熟的机制信用报告的积极遵守法律(主要是,虽然不完全,数据保护),后者是否足以
38、支付许多困难问题和复杂的法律问题和关切,可能超越对个人隐私的权利和公民自由的。这似乎是特别为欧盟单一市场的情况和正确的时间,为进一步整合和协调在欧洲联盟的政治愿望很可能有一个对金融服务行业产生重大影响,特别是,消费信贷。协调本部门,但是,很可能与它带来了两个信贷设保人和立委的重要决定,这可能是一个冲突的根源与消费者的争议。攸关的政策和立法决定,其实可以反映利益,在相反的方向推动和需要之间的相对于市场为导向,以追求利润的角度保护消费者信贷行业的态度很难平衡。如果运行平稳,并进一步发展建立有效的金融市场是很重要的经济,同时有义务保护个人所建立的个人隐私他或她的交易以及公平、合理利用他或她的基本条件,严格需要的个人资料的权利。这种平衡似乎特别难以在欧盟单一市场的水平找到,在欧洲信贷市场仍报有很大的不同,从其他之一,并在信用文化,实践,利用深层的差异,这无疑和管理制度阻碍开发一个真正一体化的欧洲单一市场和政治联盟。