1、n Chpter 9 ParenteralsTeaching goal: (1) Grasp of parenteral routes of administration, solvents and vehicles for injections, nonaqueous vehicles, added substances.(2) Grasp of methods of sterilization, validation of sterility, the industrial preparation of parenteral products.(3) Grasp of preparatio
2、n of small-volume parenterals.1Injections: Definition! n Injections are sterile, pyrogen-free preparations intended to be adiministered parenterally.A Parenteral routes of administration Intravenous (IV)Intramuscullar (IM)intradermal (ID)Subcutaneous (SC)B Offiicial types of injectionsn Injectionn F
3、or injectionn Injectable emulsionn Injectable suspensionsn For injectable suspensionC Solvents and vehicles for injections n Water for injectionn Sterile water for injectionn Bacteriostatic water for injectionn Sodium chloride injectionn Bacteriostatic sodium chloride injectionn Ringers injectionD A
4、dded substances n active agentq need to consider solubilityn anti-oxidantsq ex. ascorbic acid, sodium bisulfiten buffersq e.g. citric acid, sodium phosphate, sodium acetate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphaten chelating agentsq inactivate metals which catalyze degradationn co-solventsq e.g. ethanol, PEG, glycerinn tonicity agentsq related to semi-permeable nature of cell membranes and osmotic pressure of solution n preservativesE Methods of sterilizationn Steam sterilizationn Dry heat sterilizationn Sterilization by filtrationn Gas sterilizationn Sterilization by ionizing radiation
