1、翻译功能论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向论文关键词：功能论 导游词 中英 翻译策略论文摘要：随着成功举办第 29 奥林匹克运动会，中国作为新崛起的大国在世界舞台上扮演着更加重要的角色，使得来华旅游人数的不断攀升，中国的旅游业也在飞速发展着。导游，将肩负起比以往更加艰巨的职责，要把景点的奇美之所在，文化的精妙之处精准地传达介绍给来华游客。导游口译，作为专业领域的翻译，亟需有效的翻译理论指导并提供相应的汉英翻译策略以克服其翻译障碍。本文旨在引进德国的功能派翻译理论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向进行阐述, 以导游词翻译现状为切入点，涉及纽马克的文本功能分类说以及费米尔的翻译目的论, 简述导游词翻译的语言特征
2、。继而从导游词翻译中所存在的翻译障碍出发，详释产生障碍的原因和中英语言在表现形式的不同点并引用一些导游口译中汉英翻译的实例,通过不同翻译方法的对比分析,提出在处理导游词汉英翻译过程中所需要运用的策略，以此实现在功能派翻译理论指导下进行导游词汉英翻译方面的无与伦比的意义。IntroductionWith the development of society and economy, tourism, a smokeless industry, has become an important industry with a rapidly growth rate on a global scale
3、. After the success of holding the 29th Olympic games this autumn, thousands of millions of overseas visitors, who are eager to touch this old mysterious nation with a resplendent culture of more 5000 years , are thronging into our country. By the end of 2007,the number of the foreign tourists has r
4、eached 50 million, a rapid growth of 19 percent compared with the previous year.In a word, tourist industry is now the backbone of Chinas economy growth. Currently, China has ranked as the 5th inbound tourist market following U.S, Spain , France and Italy. It is estimated that China will win the pri
5、ority of destination for tourism and sightseeing in the worldwide till 2020.China, a enormous land abundant in sightseeing resources, has ranked high all over the word for its spectacular natural wonders and mysterious heritages. Tourists can climb the Great Wall ,look around the Imperial Palace in
6、Beijing, wander over the bustling Bund and Nanjing Road in Shanghai, boat along the Qinghuai River in Nanjing, view the terracotta warriors and horses excavated from the Emperor Qinshihuang s Mausoleum in Xian, enjoy Suzhous gardens and the West Lake in Hangzhou. From everywhere in China can visitor
7、s be intoxicated with the beautiful sceneries.Tourism brings China a great deal of profits. First, it provides more opportunities for Chinese people to know the international world and promote friendship and understanding. Second, it brings financially benefits and increase the income of government
8、.Meanwhile ,it creates the need to communicate with different with different tongues. Under such circumstances that guide-interpretation has grow up and been authorized as a profession.Guide-interpretation, the process of intercultural communications, happens while guides introduce historical intere
9、sts and scenic beauties to overseas visitors. The guides need to present the colorful and attractive image of interests of China in the process of guide-interpretation. But for different cultural backgrounds and customs, it is very difficult for the guide to translate his interpretation into English
10、 literally owing to the negative effect exerted by different linguistic obstacles. Without veracious and accurate guide interpretation , overseas visitors may miss essence of culture when they are traveling around China let alone enjoy their journeys.So, it really has been a serious problem that we
11、must confront, and it is also a problem of urgency how to introduce our unique Chinese sightseeing sceneries more properly and exactly and promote the inter-culture communication.As a result, a systematic and effective guide theory is the imperious demand of guide interpretation. As we have always r
12、egarded “combing practice with theory”, the theory must provide appropriate strategies for successful guide-interpreting .So Id like to write such a dissertation to argue something about guide-guiding form the aspect of German functionalist translation theory, which can help us to handle interpretin
13、g methodologically.This thesis will narrow down its scope merely on guide-interpreting on C-E, and most samples are gathered from authoritative bilingual books,websites, newspapers ,which will be listed at the last page of my part . Functionalist Translation TheoryFunctionalist translation theory, a
14、 relatively systematic and consummate theory, is the crystallization of wisdom of scholars in long period of human history.Id like to present a more concentrate and detailed elucidation its features as follows27:2.1 Development of German Functionalist Translation TheoryGerman functionalist is the ma
15、instream of the modern functionalist translation theory which sprung up in 1970S in Germany. There have been four outstanding contributors to form this theory: Reiss (1971- Possibilities and Limitations in Translation Criticism), H.J.Vermeer (1986-Skopostheory), Justa Holz Manttari (1988-Translatrio
16、nal Action) and Nord (2001) .In 1971, in the book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, Reiss put forward a model of translation criticism which based on the functional relationship between source and target texts in he book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism. She still h
17、eld to the equivalence principle ,therefore her theory was based on the functional equivalence between source and target texts.Vermeer, the student of Reiss, defined translation as a purposeful human activity that takes place in a given situation based on action theory. He put forward Skopostheorie
18、which serves as the foundation of the functionalist translation theory. Skopos is a Greek word for “purpose”, and Skopostheorie means the theory of purposeful action. Skopostheorie theory includes three principal rules: namely, the Skopos rule, the coherence rule (intratextual coherence) and the fid
19、elity rule (intertextual coherence).On the basis of Skopostheorie, Justa Holz Mnttri put forward the notion of “message transmitter” which is composed of textual materials combined with other media such as sounds ,pictures and body movements. Placing special emphasis on the actional aspects of the t
20、ranslation process, she analyzed the roles of the participants (initiator, translator, user, message receiver) and the situational conditions (time, place, motive) in which their activities take place. Nord then put forward his two principles about “skopos” and “loyalty”, which constitute the two ba
21、sic principles of Skopostheory. 2.2 Skopos Theory skopos theory, serving as the central theory of Germany functionalism, is an approach to translation which developed in Germany by Vermeer in the late 1970s, and the word skopos, derived from Greek, is used as the technical term for the purpose of a
22、translation.Skopos theory plays an important role in translation of non-literary text types. In the translation of scientific and academic papers, instruction, contracts, tourist guides, etc., the contextual elements surrounding the translation cannot be neglected. These elements include the culture
23、 of the intended readers of the target text and the culture of the client who has authorized it, and particularly the function that the text is to represent in that culture for those readers.Skopos theory emphasize the interactional, pragmatic aspects of translation, advancing that the shape of the
24、target text should be determined by the function chiefly or “skopos“ that it is intended to fulfill in the target context. Vermeer assumes that as a general rule, Skopos theory intended purpose of the of the target text that determines methods and strategies of translation. From this hypothesis he c
25、onclude skopos rule: Human (and its subdivision: translation) is determined by its purpose (skopos), and therefore it is a function of its purpose. The main point of this functional method is that the prospective function or skopos of the target text as determined by the initiators, i.e. Clients nee
26、ds. Consequently, the skopos is largely restricted by the target text reader and his/her place and cultural background.In the view of Vermeer, the source text is re-conceptualized and is also seen as an information offer, which the translator must interpret through selecting those features that most
27、 closely cater for the requirements of the target situation. 2.3 Text TypologyGrounded on Buhlers classification of language functions (i.e. presentation, expression and appeal) and Reisss early text typology theory, Peter Newmark makes a further research and classifies all the texts into three text
28、ual functions: informative, expressive and vocative functions 3 40.(1) The Informative FunctionThe informative function texts mainly refer to non-literary works including scientific papers, newspaper reports,textbooks, academic theses, and journal articles. The first purpose of translating these tex
29、ts is to fully render the “extra-linguistic“ information of the text. If the target text conveys all the necessary information of the source text correctly and masterly, it can get corresponding effect. Consequently, sometimes it is necessary for us to have several different translated versions to e
30、xpress the same source text, and all these versions are worth while to accept.(2) The Expressive FunctionThe expressive function texts generally includes authoritative statements, literary works, autobiography, personal correspondence, etc. Newmark argues that a ideal translation of expressive funct
31、ion text is a resurgence of the authors writing style. This function is author-oriented, and the translator should stick by the original author.” The author uses the verbalism to express his feelings unaware of any response.(3) The Vocative FunctionThe vocative function texts are different from the
32、two texts above. This function concentrates on “calling on people to do, to think and to feel“. It is reader-oriented and the effect of the translation must be evaluated by readers response. Propaganda materials, notices, advertisements , instructions and other persuasive writings all belongs to thi
33、s category. In view of the linguistic and cultural barriers between languages, it is essential for the translator to recreate the persuasive translation to attract the target readers, and the recreation is one of the major objectives of tourist materials.2.4 Communicative TranslationApart from the o
34、ther correspondent classification of textual functions, Newmark puts forward two modes of translation semantic translation and communicative translation.Semantic translation is usually applied to technical, literary and scientific text, likewise other contexts where language of the source text is at
35、 least as significant as the text.Communicative translation is the one in which “the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers“. Examples of text-types for this mode of translation would be proper include textbooks, journalist
36、writing, public notices and most non-literary genres. Different from semantic translation, communicative translation is the reader-oriented translation strategy, and adjust well to informative functions. Guide Interpretation3.1 Definition of Guide InterpretationThe occasion Interpretation carriesout
37、 on which people who do not share the same language and culture communication. Interpreting is usually taking place in simultaneous modes. As for guide interpreting, it often takes place when foreign visitors are introduced by guide interpreters to a different cultural environment, especially to som
38、e new scenic spots or new cultural phenomenon 4. For example, when foreign visitors go to the Imperial Palace, the tour guides should introduce the whole history of the Forbidden City in target language to the visitors to satisfy their curiosity, not only the construction characteristics, but also the legends passed down generation by
