1、 UNIT 1JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert，indeed，that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause no
2、r its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained ho
3、w cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon
4、the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854，he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods，he began to gather information.In two particular streets， the
5、 cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad
6、 Street(especially numbers 16,37,38 and 40)He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this，so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been
7、given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.Next，John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad
8、Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London，he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street out
9、break.A woman，who had moved away from Broad Street，liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carr
10、ied the virus.To prevent this from happening again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，以至于成了照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但当他
11、一想到要帮助(那些) 得了霍乱的普通百姓时，就感到很受鼓舞。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治疗。每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人病死。约翰 斯诺想面对这一挑战，解决这一问题。他知道在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。他对霍乱致人死地的两种推测产生了兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，像一股危险气体在空中到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。病毒从胃部开始迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。约翰斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但需要有证据。因此在 1854 年伦敦再次爆发霍乱时，他就着手准备对此调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延时
12、，约翰斯诺开始搜集信息。他发现特别在两条街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于 10 天内就有 500 多人死亡。他决心查清原因。他首先在地图上标注出所有死者曾住过的确切地点。该图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者都住在布洛德街上的水泵附近( 尤其是这条街上的 16、37、38和 40 号) 。他还发现有些住户 (如布洛德街 20 号和 21 号及剑桥街 8 号和 9 号)却无人死亡。他未预料到这种情况，于是他做了进一步调查。他发现这些人是在剑桥街 7 号的酒馆里打工。酒馆为他们供应免费啤酒，因此他们没喝布洛德街水泵里的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。接下来，约翰斯诺调查了这两条街上的水源。他发现水
13、来自于河里，这条河被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。约翰斯诺立即告诉布洛德街上惊慌失措的人们拆掉水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是通过细菌传播而非气团传播。在伦敦的另一地区，他从另外两例与布洛德街疾病爆发有关的死亡病例中得到了有力的证据。一个妇女，从布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜欢水泵的水，她让人每天从水泵给她家送水。她和她的女儿在喝了这些水后，都死于霍乱。利用这个额外证据，约翰斯诺就可以很有把握地宣布污染水携带病菌。为防止这种情况再度发生，约翰斯诺建议，所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司也得到指示再也不能让人们接触污染水了。 “霍乱王”终于被击败了。PUZILES IN
14、GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries：England ，Wales， Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England
15、you find Wales included as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English government trie
16、d in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.However，the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England，Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom
17、and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg，the currency and international relations)，but they still have very different institutions.For example，Northern Ireland， England and Scotland have different educat
18、ional and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries，and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zone nearest France is called the South of England，the middle zone is called the Midlands and th
19、e one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population settled in the south，but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although，nationwide，these cities are not as large as those in China，they have worldfamous football teams and some of them ev
20、en have two！It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all
21、 is London with its museums，art collections，theatres ，parks ， and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD，the oldest building begun by the AngloSaxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by
22、 later Norman rulers in 1066.There have been four sets of invaders of England.The first invaders，the Romans，left their towns and roads.The second，the AngloSaxons，left their language and their government.The third，the Vikings，influenced the vocabulary and placenames of the North of England，and the fo
23、urth，the Normans，left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile. 地理学的困惑对于用不同词汇来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国
24、家，人们感到很奇怪。如果你研究英国历史，你就可以弄清楚这个问题。首先是英格兰。威尔士在公元 13 世纪时与英格兰是一体的。现在当人们说到英格兰时，你会发现威尔士也包括在其中。接着英格兰和威尔士在 17 世纪同苏格兰合并，更名为“大不列颠” 。苏格兰的詹姆斯国王也成为英格兰和威尔士的国王，幸运的是这并未经过战争。最后在 20 世纪初，英国政府打算把爱尔兰也和平联合起来组建联合王国。但是爱尔兰的南部很不情愿，分离出去并建立了自己的政府。因此，只有北爱尔兰与英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰统一成为联合王国，这在新国旗上展现给世人，叫做“英国国旗” 。值得赞扬的是，这四个国家在某些领域确实能够合作(比如， 在货
25、币和国际关系上) ，但是它们的制度很不相同。例如，北爱尔兰、英格兰和苏格兰有不同的教育及司法体系，还有不同的足球队去参加像世界杯这样的比赛！英格兰是四个国家中最大的，为方便起见，它大体上分成三个区。最靠近法国的是英格兰南部，中部地区被称为英格兰中部，最靠近苏格兰的称为英格兰北部。你可以看到大多数人口定居在南部，但多数的大型工业城市在英格兰的中部和北部地区。尽管英格兰全国的许多城市不如中国的城市大，但它们都有著名的足球队，有些甚至有两支！可惜的是，这些建于 19 世纪的工业城市不吸引游客。为游览古代建筑你就得去那些最初由罗马人建造的更古老但是更小的城镇。在那儿你会了解更多的关于英国历史和文化的东
26、西。最伟大的历史财富是伦敦，它拥有博物馆、艺术珍藏、戏院、公园以及建筑。它是全国的政治中心。它还有罗马人于公元 1 世纪建的最古老的港口，盎格鲁撒克逊人于 11 世纪 60 年代始建起的最古老的建筑以及后来的诺曼统治者于 1066 年建造的最古老的城堡。曾经有四批侵略者到过英国。第一批入侵者是罗马人，他们留下了他们的城镇和道路。接着是盎格鲁撒克逊人，他们留下了他们的语言和政体。第三批是斯堪的纳维亚人，他们对词汇以及北部的地名造成了一定的影响。第四批是诺曼人，他们留下了城堡和表示食物名称的词语。如果你到英国的乡村看看，你会发现所有这些入侵者留下的证据。如果你想让你的英国之旅很有价值，你必须留心观
27、察！FIRST IMPRESSIONSSpacemail：liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS15/11/3008(Earthtime)Dear Mum and Dad，I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year.I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.Worried about the journey，I was unsettled for the first few days
28、.As a result，I suffered from “time lag”This is similar to the“jet lag”you get from flying， but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.So I was very nervous and uncertain at first.However，my friend and guide，Wang Ping，was very understanding and gave me some green tablets
29、which helped a lot.Wellknown for their expertise，his parents company，called “Future Tours”，transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed in through a small opening.The seats were comfortab
30、le and after a calming drink，we felt sleepy and closed our eyes.The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming.A few minutes later，the journey was completed and we had arrived.I was still on the earth but one thousand years in the future.What would I find?At first my new s
31、urroundings were difficult ot tolerate.The air seemed thin，as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.Hit by a lack of fresh air，my head ached.Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation，Wang Ping appeared.“Put on this mask， ”he advised.“Itll make you feel m
32、uch better.”He handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest.I felt better in no time.Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.These carriages float above the ground and by bending or pressing down in
33、your seat，you can move swiftly.Wang Ping fastened my safety belt and showed me how to use it.Soon I could fly as fast as him.However，I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions.He was swept up into the centre of
34、them.Just at that moment I had a “time lag” flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008.I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown！Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again and flew after him.Arriving at a strangelooking house，he showed
35、me into a large，bright clean room.It had a green wall，a brown floor and soft lighting.Suddenly the wall movedit was made of trees！I found later that their leaves provided the room with muchneeded oxygen.Then Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen，and a table and some chairs rose from under
36、the floor as if by magic.“Why not sit down and eat a little？”he said.“You may find this difficult as it is your first time travel trip.Just relax，since there is nothing planned on the timetable today.Tomorrow youll be ready for some visits.”Having said this，he spread some food on the table，and produ
37、ced a bed from the floor.After he left，I had a brief meal and a hot bath.Exhausted，I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.More news later from your loving son，Li Qiang第 一 印 象太空邮件：Liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS15 /11/3008(地球时间)亲爱的爸爸妈妈：我仍然不能相信我是在接受去年获得的这个奖励。我得不断提醒自己，我真地已经进入到公元 3008 年了。我很担心这次旅行，所以头几天心里总
38、是不踏实。结果，我得了“时间滞后症” 。这就与你们乘坐飞机会产生时差反应相似，所不同的是，在你们脑子里似乎会不断闪现以前的时光。因此，我一开始就感到神经紧张和心神不定。但是，我的朋友兼导游王平很细心体贴，给了我几粒绿色药片，倒是挺起作用的。他父母的公司叫做“未来之旅” ，以其技术高超而闻名，用时间舱平安地把我送入了未来。我仍然记得女乘务员让我们都进入时间舱，我们都通过一个小入口爬进去。座位是很舒适的，喝了点镇静剂以后，我们感到很困，就闭上了眼睛。时间舱在轻轻地左右摇晃，我们放松地躺在那里做梦。几分钟以后，旅程结束，我们都到了。我仍然在地球上，但是进入了未来的一千年。我会看到什么呢？开始新的环境
39、很难忍受。空气似乎很稀薄，好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少。由于缺乏新鲜空气，我感到头痛。正当我努力调整自己适应新环境时，王平出现了。 “把这个面罩戴上，它会使你感觉好得多。 ”他建议说。他把面罩递给我，然后把我快速带到一个附近的小房间里休息。我立刻就感到舒服些了。一会儿我就又站起来，跟着他去领取了一台由电脑驱动的汽垫车。这些汽垫车是在地面上漂浮着的，只要把座位打弯或压下，你就可以迅速地移动。王平给我系好安全带并且教我如何使用。很快，我就跟王平飞得一样快了。但是，当我们到达一个看上去像是大市场的地方时，王平不见了，因为很多汽垫车在身边朝各个方向飞奔。他被卷入到这群车队中去了。就在这个时候我得了
40、一次“时间滞后”的回闪，这样我就再次看到了公元 2008 年的那个地区了。我这才懂得我被送到了未来，但却仍然在自己的家乡！然后我又见到了王平，于是又跟在他后面飞去。来到一个形状奇怪的房子面前，他把我带到一个明亮而洁净的大房间。那里有绿色的墙，棕色的地板，柔和的灯光。突然，墙壁移动了原来是树形成的！后来我才发现，就是这些树的叶子为这栋房屋提供了急需的氧气。然后王平在电脑荧屏上闪了一下开关，于是一张桌子和几把椅子就像变魔术一样从地板下面升了上来。 “为什么不坐下来吃点东西呢？”他说道， “你第一次做这样的时间旅行，可能会感到有些困难。今天没有任何出行计划，你可以好好休息一下。明天你还要准备参观几个
41、地方。 ”说完这些，他把食物摆在桌子上，又从地板下拿出一张床来。他离开后，我快速吃了些东西，洗了个热水澡。我感到累极了，溜到床上很快就睡着了。以后再谈吧！你们亲爱的儿子，李强MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT “Unforgettable” says new journalistNever will Zhou Yang (ZY)forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.His discussion with his new boss，Hu Xin (HX)，was to str
42、ongly influence his life as a journalist.HX：Welcome.Were delighted youre coming to work with us.Your first job here will be an assistant journalist.Do you have any questions?ZY：Can I go out on a story immediately?HX：(laughing) Thats admirable，but Im afraid it would be unusual！Wait till youre more ex
43、perienced.First well put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.ZY：Wonderful.What do I need to take with me？I already have a notebook and camera.HX：No need for a camera.Youll have a professional photographer with you to take photo
44、graphs.Youll find your colleagues very eager to assist you，so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if youre interested.ZY：Thank you.Not only am I interested in photography，but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.HX：Good.ZY：What do I need to remember when I go ou
45、t to cover a story?HX：You need to be curious.Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.We say a good journalist must have a good“nose”for a story.That means you must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole truth and then try to dis
46、cover it.They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY：What should I keep in mind.HX：Here comes my list of dos and donts：dont miss your deadline，dont be rude，dont talk too much， but make sure you listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY：Why is listening so important?
47、HX：Well，you have to listen for detailed facts.Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.ZY：But how can I listen carefully while taking notes?HX：This is a trick of the trade.If the interviewee agrees，you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.Its also use
48、ful if a person wants to challenge you.You have the evidence to support your story.ZY：I see！Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?HX：Yes ，but it was a long time ago.This is how the story goes.A footballer was accused of taking money for
49、 deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.We went to interview him.He denied taking money but we were sceptical.So we arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him.When we saw them together we guessed from the footballers body language that he was not telling the truth.So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty.It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.He tried to stop us publishing it but later we w
