1、 英 语 语 法语法的三大基础:十大词性:1. 名词 noun(n.) 表名称 例:teacher, book2. 代词 pronoun(pron.) 代替名词 例:we, he3. 数词 numeral(num.) 表数目 例:two, second4. 动词 verb(v.) 表动作 例:be, know, work5. 形容词 adjective(adj.) 作定语,译为“ 的” 例:beautiful, good6. 副词 adverb(adv.) 作状语,译为“ 的” 例:slowly, beautifully7. 冠词 article(art.) 三个冠词 例:a, an, the
2、8. 介词 preposition(prep.) 表词与词的关系 例:in, on, from, against9. 连词 conjunction(conj.) 连接词与词,句与句 例:and, or, but, if10. 感叹词 interjection(interj.) 表感情 例:oh, ah 副词:用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等。如:now, often, already, here, there, carefully, much, very介词和连词的区别:介词后跟“名词” ,不能直接跟句子。连词后可以直接跟句子。七大句子成分:主 谓 宾 表 定 状
3、补 (同位语,插入语)主语:句首的“谁”或“什么” ,动作发出者。e.g. I like you.谓语动词:主语的动作。e.g. I like you.宾语:动作承受者。 e.g. I like you.表语:表主语的性质或状态,be 动词为标志。 e.g. I am a student. She is beautiful.定语:用来限定名词,adj.为标志。e.g. She is a beautiful girl.状语:用来修饰词或句子,有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语等。e.g. I eat bread in the morning. I study English at school.补语
4、:用来补充说明。分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。e.g. We elected(选举) him monitor(班长).同位语:解释名词的内容。e.g. Tom, an English teacher, loves his job.插入语:附加解释。e.g. As a result,(结果) To be frank(坦白地说 ), Fortunately,(幸运的是) 五大基本句型:一、主 + 谓 + 宾 动作发出者 谓语动词 动作承受者例: She likes English. (名词)主 谓 宾I love you. (代词)主 谓 宾He enjoys reading. (动名词-ing)主
5、 谓 宾They want to go.(不定式 to do)主 谓 宾I know that she has a boy friend.(句子)主 谓 宾二、主 + 谓(不及物动词)例: The boy cried.主 谓Jim runs in the park every morning.主 谓 地点状语 时间状语I play with him every day.主 谓 介词 宾 时间状语及物动词(vt.)与不及物动词(vi.):及物动词:直接跟宾语,如:I cook foodI eat foodI buy food不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语,如果跟,需加介词。如:I talk to h
6、imI play with himI laugh at him三、主 + 系 + 表系动词:以 be 动词为首的一系列动词。1.be(am, is, are/was, were) 强调用法 可单独使用,翻译为 “是” 。 系动词 be 与助动词 be(am, is, are/was, were)的区别:助动词 be 不可单独使用: 构成进行时:be + doing 表正在进行的动作构成被动语态:be + done 表“被”例: He is a handsome boy.主 系 表He is swimming.主 谓He is told about the accident.(被动句)2.感官系
7、动词,译为:“起来”look, sound, smell, taste, feel, appear(看起来)考点:此时表语只能用 adj.充当。例 1:Dinner smells good.主 系 表His voice sounds strange.主 系 表例 2:Do you like the material(布料,材料)?Yes, it _very soft. (2012)A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt3.表状态变化类的系动词:a.“保持” stay (awake) b.“变得”become (difficult)remain (si
8、lent) turn (cold)keep (warm) grow (old)get (fat)go (mad)fall (asleep)come (true)例: He went mad last night.四、主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 间接宾语(人) 直接宾语(物)例: He gave me a book.主 谓 间宾 直宾主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 介词 + 间宾I passed my mother the box. I passed the box to my mother.加 to 的动词有:bring(带来), show(展示), sell(卖
9、), send(寄), take(拿), throw(仍), give(给), tell(告诉), offer(提供), pass(传递)I bought John a birthday present. I bought a birthday present for John.加 for 的动词有: book(预订) ,buy(买), find(为找到), order(订购), cook(做饭) , choose(选择) , leave(留下)五、主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补宾语补足语例:We elected(选举) him monitor.(班长)He is monitor.I will
10、make you caption.(船长)He saw the boy playing by the river.(现在分词 doing)主 谓 宾 宾补 地点状语The manager asked Amada to leave.(不定式 to do)主 谓 宾 宾补注:句型四与句型五的区分:句型四,在间宾与直宾之间加系动词 be,语义不通顺。句型五,在宾语与宾补之间加系动词 be,语义通顺。总结:两大基本句型:主 + 系 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾变谓 v. 主 + 谓变宾语 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾加宾补 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补注:在英语中,一个简单句有且只有一个谓语动词。名 词
11、名词:专有名词,如人名、地名、机构名等,首字母必须大写。例:John Smith, the United States, Yale University, Childrens Day, the Greens(格林一家人)名词的数(可数名词与不可数名词)一、可数名词单数可数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。复数可数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。注:1.单数可数名词不可单独使用,需在前面加 a, an, the, my, his, one 等。2.a 用在辅音发音开头的名词前,如 a desk, a computer, a university, a tearan 用在元音发音开头的名词前,如 an or
12、ange, an office, an apple单数变复数法则:1. 一般直接加-s,如:books, caps( 帽子) ,trees2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es.如:glasses, boxes, watches, brushes(以 -th 结尾的名词直接加-s,如:months)3. 以辅音字母加-y 结尾,把-y 变-ies. 如:stories, countries以元音字母加-y 结尾,在-y 后直接加-s.如:boys, toys, days4. 以-o 结尾的名词变复数:有生命,加-es. 如:Negroes, heroes, tom
13、atoes, potatoes无生命,加-s. 如:radios, zoos, photos, pianos有生命口诀:黑人和英雄吃西红柿和土豆5. 以-f 或-fe 结尾的名词变复数,直接加-s.但是以下名词需要变-f 或-fe 为-ves,如:self-selves, life-lives(性命), thieves, wives, knives, loafloaves(一片), leaves, shelves, wolves, halves.口诀:为了自己活命,小偷和妻子拿刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半。6. 复合名词(合成名词)变复数,变中心名词,如:girl students,
14、 boy friends, passers-by(过路人), sons-in-law(女婿) 注:man/woman +n. 变复数,两个词都变复数,如:men doctors, women teachers.7. 不规则变化的名词:man-men, woman-women, child-children, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, mouse-mice, ox-oxen, goose-geese口诀:男人和女人有小孩,小孩有牙齿和脚,小孩喜欢三种动物:老鼠、公牛、鹅。8. 单复同形的名词:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, sheep, deer, se
15、ries, means, aircraft, works(工厂), species, fish, fruit如:a sheep, two sheep.注:American-Americans, German-Germans, Australian-Australians, Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen.9. 只有复数的名词:a. people, police, cattle(牛群 )作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例:The police are coming.b. 成双成对的名词,如:shoes, socks, stockings(长筒袜),
16、 trousers, gloves, glasses, chopsticks, scissors(剪刀), 这些词作主语,谓语动词用复数。注:但与 pair(双), suit(套装), kind, sort(种类)等量词连用且作主语时,谓语动词的单复与量词保持一致。例:Glasses are expensive.This pair of glasses is expensive.These pairs of glasses are expensive.10. 集体名词:public, government, committee, crowd, class, audience, team, fa
17、mily, group.民众政府委员会,人群班级听众队,再加家庭和小队。作主语时:名词作为一个整体时,谓语动词用单数。名词指各个成员时,谓语动词用复数。例:His family is a big one.His family get on well with each other.二、不可数名词1.无单复数变化,词前不能用 a/an,但可用 the 修饰。2.作主语时,谓语动词用单数。3.常见的不可数名词:bread, weather, water, advice, information, furniture, fun, traffic, equipment(设备), luggage=bag
18、gage( 行李)4.既可数,又不可数的名词:paper C报纸,论文 room C房间 experience C经历U纸 U空间 U经验work C作品 chicken C小鸡 hair C(几根) 头发U工作 U鸡肉 U整头头发time C次数 glass C玻璃杯 orange C橙子U时间 U玻璃 U橙汁名词所有格有生命,用 s 如:the boys bag, the childrens rooms无生命,用 of 如:the window of the room注:1.以-s 结尾的复数名词加 如:the workers wage(工资), 不规则复数名词加s 如:the child
19、rens toys2.分别所属和共同所属的表达:A and Bs A 和 B 的(一个东西)As and Bs A 的 (一个东西)和 B 的(一个东西)3.双重所有格:名词 + of +名词s 例:a friend of Toms (friends)名词 + of + 名词性物主代词 例: some students of mine注:表时间、国家、城市等名词后,可加s 如:five minutes walk=five-minute walk例:My daughter and I took a_ tour around New York City. (2009)A. two day B. t
20、wo days C. two-days D. two-day名词所有格后跟地点名词时,往往省略地点。如:the doctors (office), the tailors (shop)(裁缝店) ,the barbers (shop)( 理发店)4.修饰可数名词数量的词组:a few/few, many, a (large) number of修饰不可数名词数量的词组:a little/little, much, a (large) amount of, a great deal of既修饰可数,又修饰不可数:some, a lot of=lots of, plenty of5.名词作定语:t
21、he room numbern.定语(单数) n.被限定词当名词作定语时,该名词用单数形式。例:tooth brush, shoe shop, book store动 词 的 时 态一、一般现在时1.定义:表示习惯性、经常性、规律性的动作或状态。2.构成:主语 + 系动词 be(am, is, are) + 其他主语 + 实义动词 + 其他实义动词的变化规则:当主语为 I/其他人称时,谓语动词用原形。当主语为单数第三人称时,谓语动词变化规则如下:一般动词,加-s. 如:works, loves, likes以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -o 结尾的动词加-es. 如:kisses, f
22、ixes, washes, watches, goes以辅音字母加-y 结尾的动词,变-y 为-ies. 如:studies, worries, carries以元音字母加-y 结尾的动词,直接加-s. 如:plays, enjoys3.常用的时间状语:often, usually, always, seldom(很少), sometimes, every day/week/month/year, once a day, on Mondays/Sundays/weekends 4.否定/疑问形式:当谓语动词为系动词 be 时:否定形式:在 be 后加 not 主 + be(am, is, ar
23、e) + not + 疑问形式:be 动词提到主语前 Is/Are + 主 + ?当谓语动词为实义动词时,变否定/疑问借助助动词 do/doesa. 当主语为 I/其他人称时,借助 do否定形式:主 + do not (dont) + 动原 + 疑问形式:Do + 主 + 动原 + ?b. 当主语为单数第三人称时,借助 does否定形式:主 + does not (doesnt) + 动原 + 疑问形式:Does + 主 + 动原 + ? 考点:表示不受时间限制的客观真理、客观事实、自然规律以及名言警句,用一般现在时。例:The earth moves around the sun.对列车、航
24、班、时刻表的表述时,用一般现在时。例:The train leaves at 8 oclock.二、一般过去时1. 定义:表示过去发生的动作或状态。2. 构成:主语 + be(was, were) + 其他主语 + V-ed + 其他(适用于所有人称)规则动词过去式的变化规则:一般动词,加-ed. 如: worked, finished, helped, followed以-e 结尾的加-d. 如:hoped, liked, agreed, believed以辅音字母加-y 结尾的动词,变-y 为-ied. 如:studied, worried以元音字母加-y 结尾的动词,直接加-ed. 如:
25、played, enjoyed以辅音+元音+ 辅音字母结尾的动词,双写最后的辅音字母,加-ed. 如:stopped, admitted, begged3. 时间状语:yesterday, the day before yesterday(前天), the other day(不久前的一天), just now(刚才 ), this morning(今天早上 ), 一段时间 + ago, 如:a week ago, in + 过去时间点, 如:in 19904.否定/疑问形式:当谓语动词为系动词 be 时:否定形式:在 be 后加 not 主 + be(was, were) + not + 疑
26、问形式:be 动词提到主语前 Was/Were + 主 + ?当谓语动词为实义动词时,变否定/疑问借助助动词 did否定形式:在动词前加 did not 主 + did not (didnt) + 动原 + 疑问形式:将 did 提到主语前 Did + 主 + 动原 + ?考点:used to do 过去常常做某事be used to doing 习惯于做某事例:I used _ on the left in England, but I soon got used_ on the right in China. A. to driving. to drive B. to drive to d
27、riving (2010)C. to drive to drive D. to driving to driving三、一般将来时1. 定义:表示将来发生的动作或状态。2. 构成:主 + will/shall + 动原 + 其他 “心甘情愿做”注:will 用于所有人称;shall 只用于 I/We主 + be(am, is, are) + going to + 动原 +其他 “打算做”主 + be(am, is, are) + to do “一定要做”注:be about to do=be on the point of doing “马上要做”3. 时间状语:tomorrow, the d
28、ay after tomorrow, next day/week/month/year, in + 将来时间点:in 2050 some day(将来有一天)时间段: in a week4.否定/疑问形式:否定形式:在 will, shall 或 be 后加 not 主 + will/shall + not + 动原 + 其他疑问形式:将 will, shall 或 be 提到主语前 Will/Shall + 主 + 动原 +其他?考点:由 if(如果), as long as, unless, in case(万一), when, as soon as(一就), notuntil(直到才)引
29、导的时间或条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 (主将从现) 注:引导词后面的句子为从句;“逗号”不能直接连接两个句子。固定句型:It will be + 时间段 + before + “再过多久才”There be 句型的将来时: There will be例:There will be a meeting in three days. (be)四、过去将来时1.定义:表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。2.构成:主 + would/should + 动原 + 其他主 + was/were going to do主 + was/were to do3.时间状语:the next
30、 day/week/month/year, the following day五、进行时1. 定义:表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或状态。2. 构成:现在进行时:be(am, is, are) doing过去进行时:be(was, were) doing将来进行时:will be doing3. 时间状语:现进:now, at present, this week, these days过进:at that time, at this time yesterday将进:at this time tomorrow, at nine tomorrow 考点:现在进行时与频度副词:often,
31、always, all the time 等连用时,表达说话人批评或赞扬的情绪,译为:“总是” “老是” 。例:She is always asking questions.Look! Listen! 多与现在进行时连用。例:Listen! The bird is singing.现在进行时与表状态变化的系动词 become, get, turn, grow, go 连用表示渐变的过程。例:The weather is becoming colder and colder.一些表“来” “去”的词常用现在进行时表将来,如:come, leave, arrive, go, begin, star
32、t.例: Im leaving for Beijing next month.发生在过去同一段时间内的两个动作,长动作用进行时,短动作用一般态,由 when, as, while 引导。例:When I was studying last night, my mother came into my room without knocking the door.表示某一段时间都在进行的动作,可以是间断进行的动作。例:We are making model planes these days.He was writing a novel last night, but I dont know wh
33、ether he has finished it.六、现在完成时1.定义:动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在。发生在过去的动作对现在产生了影响。2.构成:主 + has/have + V-ed (单数第三人称用 has, 其他人称都用 have)主动词 实义动词3.时间状语:already(已经), just(刚刚 ), yet(还) notyet(还没有 ), ever(曾经), never(从不), recently = lately(最近), so far = by now = up/till to now(直到现在,迄今为止), in/during the last/past + 时间段
34、“在过去中” 如:in the past two years(在过去两年里), during the last two weeks(在过去两个星期里), since + 过去时间点 (since 1990, since then) for +时间段(多与现在完成时连用)句子(一般过去时) 4.否定/疑问形式:否定形式:主 + have/has + not + V-ed + 疑问形式:Have/Has + 主 + V-ed + ?考点:have/has been to “去过”(现在人已经回来了)have/has gone to “去了”(现在人不在这儿)例:I D to the Great W
35、all three times.A. has gone B. have gone C. has been D. have been固定句型 1:It is the first/second/third time that + 句子( 现在完成时) “这是第几次做”例: This is the first time that I have seen this. (see)固定句型 2:This is + 最高级 + 名词 + that + 句子(现在完成时)例:This is the best tea that I have drunk. (drink)for + 时间段 / since不能与短
36、暂动词连用构成现在完成时。例:His grandmother has died for two years. ()His grandmother has been dead for two years. ()短暂动词需要变为 be + 形容词/副词 表状态的延续,如:die be dead, begin/start be on, come/join(参加)/arrive(到达) be in, leave be away七、现在完成进行时1.定义:表示动作发生在过去一直持续到现在,并极有可能继续持续下去。2.构成:主 + have/has been doing 与现在完成时的区别:现在完成时:表
37、示该动作有可能继续,也有可能不继续。现在完成进行时:表示该动作极有可能继续下去。例 1:I have washed my clothes for two hours. (有可能继续洗,有可能不洗了)I have been washing my clothes for two hours. (极有可能继续洗下去)例 2:She_ English since she was a child. (2003)A. learning B. had learned C. is learning D. has been learning八、过去完成时1. 定义:在过去某个时间或动作之前已经结束的动作。过去完成时必须有过去的时间参考点,表“过去的过去” 。2. 构成:主 + had V-ed + 其他3. 时间状语:by/until + 过去的时间点 (到为止) by the end of + 过去时间点(到结束的时候)before + 过去时间点句子(一般过去时)by the time+ 句子(一般过去时)