1、上海版牛津英语 8A 第五章 学习辅导材料（ 11.11） 学 习 新 词 语 Africa n. 非洲 例如：This kind of wild animal lives in Africa only. 这种野生动物只生活在非洲。 同根词：African adj. 非洲的；非洲人的 n. 非洲人 Europe n. 欧洲 例如：Italy is in the south of Europe. 意大利在欧洲南部。 同根词：European adj. 欧洲的；欧洲人的 n. 欧洲人 There are seven continents in the world. They are Africa,
2、 Asia, North America, South America, Oceania (Australia)，Europe and Antarctic. 世界上有七大洲,它们是:非洲、亚洲、南美洲、北美洲，大洋洲(澳洲)、欧洲和南极洲。 though conj. 虽然；尽管；即使 例如： I felt very cold, though I was wearing a thick coat.虽然穿着件厚衣服,可我还是觉得很冷。 Though she was in a hurry, she stopped to talk to me. 尽管她很匆忙,但她还是停了下来和我说话。 词义辨析：th
3、ough 和 although 七年级我们学过 although 的用法，它可用于引导让步状语从句，though 的用法与 although 相似，简单说明如下： (1) although 和 though 在一般情况下可以互换使用，但 though 是相对非正式用语，而 although 则比较正式，语气比 though 重， 常用来强调让步的概念。例如： Though /Although my car is very old, I dont want to buy a new one. 虽然我的汽车很旧了，但我不想买一辆新的。 He insisted on doing it althoug
4、h I warned him not to. 虽然我警告他不要做，但他仍然坚持要做。 (2) 当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用 though 而不用 although。例如： Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion. 就算全世界都反对，我还是要坚持我的立场。 Though everybody deserts you, I will not. 即使所有人都抛弃你，我也不会的。 (3) though 可以独立作副词，常放在句末，意思是 all the same（还是；仍然）或 howeve
5、r（可是；然而） ，而 although 无此用法。例如： She didnt tell me what she had done, but I know it though. 她没有告诉我她所做的事情，但我还是知道的。 Its hard work, I enjoy it, though . 工作很辛苦，但是我喜欢。 (4) 用 although 或 though 引导的让步状语从句中，主句都不可再用 but。 如果要强调前 后两部分的对比意义，可在主句前加 yet 或 still。 例如： Although / Though he has a lot of money, yet / stil
6、l he is unhappy. 虽然他很有钱，但是他并不快乐。 create v. 创造；创建 例如： Some people believe God created the world. 有人认为是上帝创造了世界。 They created a new city where there was only desert before. 他们在曾是一片沙漠的地方建起了一座新城市。 同根词： creation n. 创造 It is a great creation of the science. 这是一个伟大的科学创造。 creator n. 创造者 (the Creator 上帝) He i
7、s the creator of refrigerator. 他是开创制造电冰箱的人。 creative adj. 有创造力的 It is a useful and creative work. 这是个有用的、有创造力的工作。 creativity n. 创造力；艺术创新 The new product is a good creativity. 新作品是一个好的艺术创新。 词义辨析：make; create make 和 create 指“创造”时可换用。但当指“创作；塑造”等意义时，一般用 create,而 不用 make。比较： 正确 They dont believe that God
8、 create / made man. 他们不相信上帝创造了人。 正确 He created the characters. 他塑造了这些人物。 错误 He made the characters. look up v. (由动词和一个介词或副词构成短语动词，相当于一个动词单词 ) 意思很多： (1) （在词典、参考书中）查阅 例如： If there are words you do not understand, look them up in the dictionary. 如果你有认不得的词，可以查词典。 He get hold of a railway timetable and l
9、ooked up all the trains to Beijing. 他弄到一份列车运行时刻表，查阅了所有去北京车次的时间。 They looked up Xiao Lis number in the telephone directory. 他们在电话号簿里查了小李的电话号码。 (2) 向上看，仰视(vi.) 例如： He looked up and nodded to me. 他抬起头来，对我点点头。 Looking up from his book, he said “good morning” to us. 他停止看书，抬起头来向我们说“早晨好” 。 (3) 好起来；（价钱）上涨，
10、（东西）涨价( vi.) 例如： Things are looking up. 情况正在好转。 Our chances of success are looking up. 我们取得成功的可能性增大了。 Those goods were then looking up. 那些货物当时正在涨价。 (4) 寻找(vt.) 例如： Weve tried to look you up everywhere. 我们到处找你。 He asked me to look up the book and send it to him. 他要我找到这本书给他送去。 (5) 找到并拜访，看望(vt.) 例如： If
11、 you are passing through Shanghai at any time, dont forget to look me up Here is my address. 你什么时候路过上海，别忘了来找我，这是我的地址。 (6) 振作起来 例如： Look up, my old friend, all is not lost. 老朋友，振作起来，还有希望呢。 exist v. 存在；实际上有 例如： The Roman Empire existed for several centuries. 罗马帝国延续了好几个世纪。 The old lady exists only on c
12、offee and bread.老太太仅靠咖啡面包生活(exist 可用 live 代 替) 反义词：extinct v. 灭绝 The dinosaurs have extincted for a long time.恐龙灭绝了好久了。 常用短语： (1) exist in 存在于之中 例如： Such an idea exists only in the minds of poets. 这种想法是诗人才有的。 (2) exist on 靠生存 例如： She existed only on milk. 她只靠牛奶维持生命。 even adv. 甚至 例如： Even Mrs. Smith
13、could not help laughing. 甚至连史密斯太太也忍不住笑了起来。 even 这个副词在句子中用法广泛，位置灵活，注意： (1) 用在比较级前，加强语气，表示程度，意思是“（比 ）更；还要” 。例如： This dictionary is even more useful than that one. 这本词典比那本更有用。 This time he did it even better. 这次他做得还要好。 (2) 用在它所强调的词、短语或从句前，用来加强语气，意思是“即使；甚至连都” 。 a) 强调名词。例如： Even a child can understand th
14、is book. 甚至连小孩也能看懂这本书。 b) 强调副词。例如： I have explained everything, but even now she doesnt understand. 我已经做了全面的解释，但甚至到现在她还不明白。 c) 强调数词。例如： Then the need turn to a dictionary or a reference book, perhaps ten or even twenty times a page, tires him out. 后来，每页需要查阅词典或参考书 10 次甚至 20 次，这使他疲惫不堪。 d) 强调动词。例如： I e
15、ven forget what my mother said. 我甚至连母亲的话都忘了。 I cant even remember the name of that old friend of mine. 我甚至连那位老朋友的名字都想不起来了。 e) 强调介词短语。例如 He was afraid to go out, even for food. 他不敢出门，甚至连食物都不敢去找。 f) 强调从句。例如： It happened even as we had expected. 事情正如我们所预料的那样发生了。 nobody pron. 没有人 例如： Nobody in our class
16、 speaks Greek. 我们班没有人会说希腊语。 There was nobody at home. 家里没有人。 nobody, no one 和 none 的用法比较： no one = nobody，这两个词都只能指人，不能指物，它的后面通常不接 of 短语，作主 语时谓语用单数。none 既可指人也可指物，它的后面通常接 of 短语；用作主语时， 如果指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，如果指复数形式的可数名词，则谓语可用单数 （较正式） ，也可用复数（常用于非正式文体） 。例如： No one likes it. = Nobody likes it. 没人喜欢它。 None of t
17、he food was left. 一点食物都没留下。 None of the books is interesting.(较正式) = None of the books are interesting.(非正式文体） 这些书没有一本是有趣的。 real adj. 真实的；实际存在的 例如： That is a real dog, not a toy. 那是一只真狗，不是玩具狗。 This is a computer game, not a real war. 这是电脑游戏，不是真实的战争。 同根词：really adv. 实际上；真正地 例如： I really enjoyed playi
18、ng with you. 我真的喜欢和你一起玩。 reality n. 现实；真实 例如： It is the social reality. 这是社会的现实。 词义辨析：real 与 true 意思相近，但使用场合有所不同。 real 较多用来指某事物是真实的或货真价实的。例如： Dont lose the ring, its made of real gold. 别把戒指弄丢了，那是真金做的。 true 较多用来指与事实、现实或事物的真实状态相一致。例如： Hes your father. Its true. 他是你的父亲，这是真的。 believe v. 相信 例如： She says
19、she dont take the money. Do you believe her? 她说她没拿那钱，你信吗？ Long ago, people believed that the earth was flat. 很久以前，人们认为地球是平的。 词义辨析：believe 与 believe in believe 做及物动词时，意思是 “相信；信以为真” ，后面直接跟宾语。例如 Do you believe his report? 你相信他的报告吗？ I could hardly believe my eyes. 我几乎不能相信自己的眼睛。 believe in 则是 “信仰；信任”的意思，
20、后面常接宗教、理论、原则、概念及可信任的 人，如 a religion（宗教） 、ghosts（鬼） 、fairies（神仙） 、 a theory （一种理论） 、a friend（一个朋友）等词语。believe in 中的 believe 为不及物动词。例如： We do not believe in ghosts. 我们不信鬼神。 He believes in getting plenty of exercise. 他相信多锻炼身体是有益的。 比较下面两句句子： I believe him. (= I believe what he says.) 我相信他（所说的话） 。 I beli
21、eve in him. (= I trust him.) 我信任他。 （相信他是个可以信任的人） 常用口头语：Believe me 是用来表示希望对方相信自己的常用口头语，可以根据不同 场合译成“真的；我不骗你；一定会；请相信”等。它相当于 I bet(打赌) 或 Take my word for it。例如： Believe me, you will get well very soon. 相信我，你一定很快就会康复的。 语法及相关练习 （A）demonstration pronouns 指示代词 1. 指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既
22、可以作限定词，又可 以作代词 1）指示代词的句法功能： a. 作主语：This is the way to do it. 这是做这事的途径（方法） 。 b. 作宾语：I like this better than that. 比起那个我更喜欢这个。 c. 作主语补语：My point is this. 我的要点就在这儿。 d. 作介词宾语：There is no fear of that. 没有那样的可能性。 2）指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人： a. That is my teacher. 那位是我的老师。(that 作主语，指人) b. He is
23、going to marry this girl. 他将与这个女孩结婚。 （this 作限定词） c. I have bought this. 我买了这样东西。 (this 指物，作宾语) 3. that 和他 those 可以作定语从句的先行词，但 this 和 these 不能，同时，在作先行词时， 只有 those 可指人： a. He liked that which looked beautiful. 他喜欢外表漂亮的东西。 （that 作先行词，指物） b. He admired those who danced well. 他欣赏跳舞好的人。 （those 作先行词，指人） 2.
24、 指示代词有单、复数之分。特指名词的单数用 this(近)/that（远） ；特指名词的复数用 these（近） /those（远） 。 e.g. Is this your book? Yes, it is. Is that your bike？No, it isnt. Are these your pencils? Yes, they are. Are those your parents? No, they arent. （B）countable and uncountable nouns 可数名词和不可数名词 普通名词按其所表现的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数 形
25、式，通常用量词短语来表示它们的量。例如：some slices of (几片） ，a slices of (一片)； some pieces of (几张、几块)， one piece of (一张、一块） ； two pairs of (两双） ，a pair of (一 双） ；three cups of (三杯） ，one cup of (一杯） ；four bottles of（四瓶） ，a bottle of (一瓶)； five boxes of(五盒)，one box of (一盒)；six glasses of （六玻璃杯） ，a glass of (一玻璃杯) ； seven
26、 baskets of （七篮子） ，a basket of (一篮子) 。不可数名词的数量只能体现在量词 短语中名词的单数或复数上面。 （C）be made of, be made from, be made in, be made by, be made up of 的区别 be made of 由 所制成（能看出制成这种物品的原材料） ，例如： The books are made of paper. 书是用纸制成的。 be made from 由所制成（不能看出制成这种物品的原材料） ，例如： All kinds of plastics are made from petroleum.
27、 各种各样的塑料都是由石油制成的。 be made in 某地（国、市、区或某工厂）制造 These bags are made in Shanghai. That purse is made in Italy. 这些书包是中国制造的，那个钱包是意大利造的。 be made by 是由（某人）制造的。例如： This violin is made by his cousin. 这只小提琴是他表兄制作的。 be made up of 由 组成。例如： This band is made up of twelve girls. 这个乐队由十二个女孩组成。 （D）even 后接形容词或副词的比较级表
28、示“更”的意思。 例如： My pencil is shorter than yours. His pencil is even shorter than mine. His pencil is the shortest one of our three pencils. 我的铅笔比你的短，他的铅笔比我的更短，他的铅笔是我们三支铅笔中最短的。 Huamu Park is beautiful. But Century Park is even more beautiful. 花木公园很美，但世纪公园更美。 （E）asas 的句型，用来表示两者程度一样，例如： This box is as hea
29、vy as that one. 这个箱子与那个箱子一样重。 相关练习题： 1. There are three _ assistants in that _ shop. A. woman, shoe B. women, shoe C. woman, shoes D, women, shoes 2. Id like to buy _ for my twin daughters. A. two pair of shoes B. two pairs of shoe C. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoes 3. -What would you like to
30、 drink? -_, please. A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees 4. The chair is made _ wood. A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by 5. The medical team is made _ seventeen doctors and fifteen nurses. A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by 6. Glass is made _ rock. A.
31、 from B. in C of D. up of E. by 7.That computer is made _ Japan. A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by 8. This piano is made _ Master Chen. A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by 9. My ruler is long. But his ruler is _ _ than mine. A. even long B. even longer C. even longest D. even more long 10.This book is
32、 interesting. That book is _ than this one. A. even interesting B. even interestinger C. even more interesting D. even most interesting 11.My brother is as _ as yours. A. younger B. youngest C. more young D. the most young E. young 12.The train runs as _ as that one. A. faster B. fastest C. more fas
33、t D. the most fast E. fast 13.Im hungry, can you give me _? A.some slice of bread B.some slices of breads C.some slices of bread D.some slice of breads 14.-Could I have something to eat? -Sure, heres some _. A. chicken B. tomatoes C. bread D. juice 15.There is good _ for you. Ive found your lost wat
34、ch. A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts 综合能力测评 一.选择最恰当的答案： 1. I want to send these photos _ fast mail. A. by B. with C. to D. for 2. Ill take the digital camera. How much does it _? A. cost B. spend C. take D. pay 3. His wish is _ a scientist. A. becomes B. become C. to become D. became 4. We h
35、ad learned over _ English words by the end of last month. A. nine hundreds of B. nine hundred C. nine hundreds D. nine hundred of 5. _ of the students like the pop songs. A. Thirds-fifth B. Third-fifths C. Three-fifth D. Three-fifths 6. There are _ more animals kept in the zoo. Lets go and have a lo
36、ok sometimes. A. much B. many C. large D. over 7. When she was a child, her father told her the earth _ round the sun. A. goes B. went C. had gone D. is going 8. They come from _. They speak _. A. Greece, Greek B. Greek, Greece C. Greece, Greece D. Greek, Greek 9. Pour some wine into the _. Lets hav
37、e a _. A. wine glass, wine glass B. glass of wine, glass of wine C. glass of wine, wine glass D. wine glass, glass of wine 10.The windows of this room are _ glass. A. made in B. made into C. made of D. made from 11.The boys never been to Beijing, _ he? A. has B. hasnt C. is D. isnt 12.The headmaster
38、 is very pleased with the work of all the _. A. women teacher B. woman teachers C. woman teacher D women teachers 13. Id like to _ the word in French. A. say B. speak C. tell D. talk 14. A strong wind will arrive in Harbin. It will _ much rain. A. bring B. take C. carry D. get 15. Its _ a beautiful
39、stamp. A. quite B. too C. very D. so 16. He doesnt know _ because he has studied it for only _ weeks. A. much, a few B. little, few C. few, little D. a few, a little 17. Its about _ walk from my home. A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes 18. -Is this your sock? - Yes, it is. Bu
40、t where is _? A. the others B. the other one C. others D. other one 19. The radio is too noisy. Would you please _ a little? A. turn it off B. turn it down C. stop it from D. pick it up 20. The woman had to do the farm work herself, _? A. did she B. didnt she C. had she D. wasnt she 21. He has _ for
41、 about twelve years. A. bought the house B. left here C. lived here D. gone there 22. Id like some water, but he wants _. A. two bottle orange B. to bottles of orange C. two bottle oranges D. two bottles of oranges 23. Mike is learning _ a computer. A. how can he use B. how to use C. how he use D. h
42、ow to using 24. You are just _ for the game. Please come and join us. A. in time B. on time C. at times D. at the time 25. Let me give you _. A. an advice B. a good piece of advice C. some advices D. the advice 26. All the _ can have three _ each. A. hero; photo B. heros; photos C. heroes; photoes D
43、. heroes; photos 27. My family raised plenty of _, including two _. A. cattle; cows B. cattles; cows C. cows; cattle D. cow; cattles 28. Do you know these _ are _? A. Germans; policemans B. Germans; policemen C. Germen; policemen D. German; policemans 二.选择合适的词填空： 1. It seemed all _ (Greek, Greece) t
44、o me when I first came here. 2. Many things in daily use are made out of _ (plastic, plastics). 3. Is that a _ (real, true) flower or a fake one? 4. Walt Disney was the _ (creator, creater) of Snow White and Seven Dwarfs. 5. Wood can be made into paper, houses, furniture and _ (many others, any othe
45、rs). 6. Everyone was _ (amusing, amused) by fathers story. 三.选择与下列各句中划线部分内容意思相近的单词或短语，用 A,B,C,D 等表示： A. really likes B. accurate C. not often D. made E. the bones that support the body F. not pass 1. If you do not study hard, youll fail in the exam. 2. The project is very important to our company, s
46、o it must be with no mistakes. 3. Wendy seldom goes to bed until 2:00 a.m. 4. We can see the skeletons of the dinosaurs in the museum. 5. She is keen on pop music and writing poetry. 6. It was Walt Disney who created Mickey Mouse. 四.用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子： 1. She is a _ (Europe) girl. 2. John hit her i
47、n the face _ (fierce). 3. No water _ (existence) on the moon. 4. Smoking is _ (harm) to ones health. 5. There are many _ (amuse) parks in Shanghai. 6. I have a lot of _ ( homework) to do today. 7. The thief has two _ (knife) in his pocket. 8. I have some _ (photo) of my friend Jim. 9. You should clean our _ (tooth) every day. 10. We have to go to school on _ (foot) today. 五.按要求改写句子： 1. Hes got some questions to a
