1、神经系统疾病伴发抑郁焦虑障碍的诊断治疗专家共识耿德勤(徐州医学院附属医院神经科),目的和意义,常见神经系统疾病均易伴发或共病抑郁焦虑障碍脑血管病和卒中认知功能障碍帕金森病多发性硬化癫痫原发性头痛 共病使得疾病迁延不愈、显著地增加了疾病的负担 旨在提高医师对神经系统疾病伴发抑郁焦虑障碍 的认识和处理,体现“以人为本”的医学宗旨, 更好地实践生物心理社会的医学模式,概 要,流行病学 神经系统疾病伴发抑郁焦虑障碍的特点 神经科抑郁/焦虑状态常见的躯体化表现 头痛和焦虑抑郁的关系 抑郁和焦虑状态的初查和识别 抑郁症的治疗目标 神经科抑郁焦虑障碍的治疗 抗抑郁剂的药物相互作用,流行病学,流行病学,脑血管
2、病和卒中后抑郁焦虑障碍16各研究报道的卒中后抑郁(PSD)发病率和患病率变异很大有研究认为卒中后1个月是发病的高峰,但也有研究认为卒中后36月是发病高峰 社区研究: PSD在卒中急性期为33,慢性期为34医院研究:PSD在卒中急性期为36、 恢复期为32, 慢性期为34 我国研究发现,PSD在卒中后1月为39%、36个月为53%、1年为24%,1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ.
3、Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neuro
4、l Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5 Pohjasvaara T, Leppavuori A,Siira I,et al. Frequency and clinical determinants of poststroke depression. Stroke,1998,29:2311-2317.6 Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, et al. Frequency of depression after stroke:A systematic review of observational studies. Stroke,200
5、5,36:1330-1340.,流行病学,认知功能障碍伴抑郁焦虑障碍13抑郁障碍多见于痴呆前期或早期,有研究认为抑郁是痴呆的前驱症状或危险因素有抑郁的轻度认知障碍 (MCI)者向老年性痴呆(AD)的转化率是无抑郁者的2倍 AD伴发抑郁的患病率可达75%,一般约为3050血管性痴呆(VaD)或血管性认知损害(VCI)者的抑郁症状的发生率约为40%60%MCI的抑郁累计患病率约为26%,1 Holtzer R, Scarmeas N, Wegesin DJ, et al. J Am Geriatr Soc,2005,53:2083-2089.2 Modrego PJ, Ferrndez J. Ar
6、ch Neurol,2004,61:1290-1293.3. Potter GG, Steffens DC. Contribution of depression ,Neurologist,2007,13: 105117.,流行病学,帕金森病(PD)伴抑郁焦虑障碍17PD患者的抑郁障碍患病率为8%76%,平均25%40%约40%患者有焦虑障碍有研究认为抑郁和焦虑障碍可能先于患者的运动症状出现,1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2
7、006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple scler
8、osis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.7. Ehrt U,Aarsland D. P
9、sychiatric aspects of Parkinsons disease. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2005,18: 335-341.,流行病学,多发性硬化(MS)伴抑郁焦虑障碍17终身患病率近50%,是普通人群的3倍社区问卷调查研究发现41%患者有抑郁,其中29%为中-重度抑郁对3000例16岁以上MS患者的死因调查显示,15%的患者死于自杀流行病学调查结果显示35.7%的患者合并各种焦虑,其中18.6%为广泛性焦虑、10%为惊恐发作,1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurologic
10、al disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders
11、: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder:JAMA 2003,289:30953105.6. Janssens AC, Buljevac D, van Doorn PA. Prediction of anxiety and distress following di
12、agnosis . Mult Scler,2006 ,12:794-801.7. Siegert RJ,Abernethy DA. Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;469-475.,流行病学,癫痫伴抑郁焦虑障碍16抑郁症的患病率为50%55%住院患者中,控制良好者的抑郁发病率为10%、患病率为20%,控制不良者则分别为20%和60%癫痫患者发作间期的焦虑症的患病率为10%25%,1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. De
13、pression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in
14、 neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Lambert M, Robertson M. Depression in epilepsy: etiology, phenomenology and treatment. Epilepsia,1999,40(suppl 10):S21S47.6. Gaitatzis A,Trimble MR,Sander JW. The psychiatric c
15、omorbidity of epilepsy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica,2004,110:207-220.,流行病学,原发性头痛伴抑郁焦虑障碍12原发性头痛门诊患者调查发现27%的患者有中-重度抑郁,其中偏头痛人群为17.1%、转化型偏头痛为36.1%、紧张型头痛(TTH)为28.3%;偏头痛患者终身的抑郁障碍患病率约为30%80%,是普通人群的3-4倍。同时,易有惊恐和强迫等焦虑障碍;有先兆的偏头痛和转化型偏头痛者的伴发率更高。频发型和慢性TTH者抑郁焦虑障碍的伴发率可达2/3;青少年慢性头痛者调查,有抑郁障碍30%(抑郁症21%)、焦虑障碍36%、高度自
16、杀危险者20%,1 Radat F,Swendsen J. Psychiatric comorbidity in migraine: a review. Cephalalgia,2005,25:165-178.2 Wang SJ,Juang KD,Fuh JL,et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and suicide risk in adolescents with chronic daily headache. Neurology, 2007,68:14681473.,流行病学的启示,脑血管病和卒中、认知功能障碍、帕金森病、多发性硬化、癫痫、原发性头痛伴发抑郁焦虑
17、比例高,使相关疾病地治疗更加复杂、困难,延长病程,同时增加了疾病负担;因此,有必要对神经科常见伴发抑郁焦虑的患者进行识别和诊治。,神经系统疾病伴发抑郁焦虑障碍的特点,定 义,抑郁障碍各种原因引起的以显著而持久的心境低落为主要特征的一类心境或情感障碍; 焦虑障碍一种内心紧张不安、预感到似乎将要发生某种不利情况而又难于应付的不愉快情绪; 本共识中抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍指抑郁和焦虑状态即严重程度达中等或以上,超出患者所能承受或自我调整能力,并且对其生活和社会功能造成影响,但并不一定达到或符合精神科中的具体疾病诊断标准。,神经系统疾病伴发抑郁焦虑障碍的特点,研究发现一些神经系统疾病所致的神经结构和功能改变
18、,与情感障碍自然病程中发生的改变相似,因此可以产生类似的抑郁焦虑表现。这也解释了神经系统疾病高发抑郁焦虑障碍的状况,目前主要神经生物学假设/发现-1(形态学)抑郁症可能存在神经解剖的易感性,目前主要神经生物学假设/发现-2(形态学)海马体积和未治疗的抑郁之间的关系,38 Female Outpatients With Recurrent Depression in Remission,*Significant inverse relationship between total hippocampal volume and the length of time depression went
19、untreated.Sheline YI, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1516-1518.,海马总体积( mm3),未治疗的抑郁,R2=0.28 P=0.0006*,0,1,000,2,000,3,000,4,000,3,000,3,500,4,000,4,500,5,000,5,500,6,000,R2=0.28P=0.0006*,目前主要神经生物学假设/发现-3(形态学) 抑郁症与细胞凋亡,BDNF=brain-derived neurotrophic factor.1. Sapolsky RM. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;
20、57:925-935.2. Duman RS, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:732-739.,目前主要神经生物学假设/发现-4(形态学)治疗能预防或逆转损伤吗?,5-HT=serotonin; NE=norepinephrine; ECT=electroconvulsive therapy. 1. Sapolsky RM. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:925-935.2. Duman RS, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:732-739.,应激2,糖皮质激素,BDNF,正常存活和生长,神经元萎缩
21、/死亡,BDNF,增加存活和生长,5-HT and NE,DA,糖皮质激素,?,药物治疗, ECT, 心理治疗2,树突分支1,目前主要神经生物学假设/发现-5(神经内分泌学)抑郁, 焦虑和 HPA调控紊乱: 脑-体的关系,下丘脑,杏仁核,蓝斑,ACTH,细胞因子,可的松,骨,脂肪组织,肾上腺,交感神经活动增强,前额叶皮层,躯体感觉/情绪,心血管,代谢,免疫与神经元再激活,认知,肾上腺素, NE,骨质疏松症,OConnor, et al. QJM 2000;93:323-33Miller, OCallaghan. Metabolism 2002:51:5-10,抑郁障碍的主要临床表现,核心症状情
22、绪低落兴趣减退、愉快感丧失、持续疲乏其它症状:睡眠障碍躯体症状:各种疼痛、食欲减退、消化道症状出现焦虑或激越症状记忆力减退、注意力难集中,焦虑障碍的主要临床表现,过份焦虑焦躁:经常、无缘无故感到心烦紧张不安:经常感到心情紧张、不能松弛过份担心总是感到心神不宁,过度担心一些小事,卒中伴发抑郁焦虑障碍的特点16,研究认为PSD为直接的脑损害所致,并提示优势半球和前部半球损害更容易发生PSD,但meta分析未见部位相关性“血管性抑郁”是老年期抑郁的重要病因,约占1/3,主要与额叶和底节部位的白质病变、小血管病变及“无症状卒中”有关,PSD虽然常见,但由于患者常有失语、忽略或认知损害而不被诉说或识别,
23、1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,
24、2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depr
25、ession associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.,痴呆伴发抑郁焦虑障碍的特点16,皮质下小血管病性VaD或VCI患者的抑郁障碍持续时间长、难治. 突出表现:始动性差、精神运动迟缓和易伴执行功能障碍AD伴发的抑郁障碍有随病程延长而逐渐减少的趋势,1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker
26、GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J N
27、eurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.,PD伴发抑郁焦虑障碍的特点16,常见的精神运动迟缓、淡漠、兴致缺乏、身体语言减少、自主
28、神经症状容易与抑郁混淆常见的失眠、注意差、疲乏、震颤、不安和自主神经症状又容易与焦虑混淆。过多担心可能是重要鉴别点PD患者可有明显的情感波动,持续数分钟,每天多次。晚期患者出现治疗的“开关”现象,有抑郁焦虑情绪,使得诊断困难。,PD患者的情感障碍与脑内多种神经递质的改变有关,1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depressi
29、on. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-5
30、2.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.,MS及癫痫伴发抑郁焦虑障碍的特点16,精神运动迟缓、睡眠异常、认知改变和疲乏是MS和抑郁共有的表现抑郁多见于复发和用激素治疗期间,MS患者的抑郁可能与病灶部位(额叶
31、、颞叶)及炎症有关,抑郁可为癫痫发作和发作后表现,但更多见于发作间期。颞叶癫痫和左侧痫灶者容易发生抑郁。,抑郁与癫痫的关系是双向的,病因多重而复杂,1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards
32、 H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal gang
33、lia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.,Kroenke K, et al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-779.,神经科抑郁焦虑患者特点:躯体症状多,神经科就诊抑郁焦虑患者特点不主动叙述情绪症状多见主述为睡眠问题、疲乏及不确定位置的躯体疼痛症状易与神经系统原发疾病相互影响,注意鉴别,Kroenke K, et
34、 al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-779.,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,躯体症状的个数*,抑郁患病率(%),其他精神障碍,情绪障碍(焦虑/抑郁),0 to 1(n=215),2 to 3(n=225),4 to 5(n=191),6 to 8(n=230),9(n=139),神经科抑郁焦虑患者特点:躯体症状多,*常见躯体症状:头痛头晕疲乏失眠背痛四肢或关节痛月经紊乱消化道不适腹痛胸痛性功能障碍,多个躯体症状可能预示抑郁症,Table The Frequency of Symptoms in Hysteria Neurosis Sympto
35、m % Symptom %,Dyspnea 72 Weight loss 28 Palpitation 60 Anorexia 60 Chest pain 72 Nausea 80Dizziness 84 Vomiting 32 Headache 80 Abdominal pain 80 Anxiety attacks 64 Abdominal bloating 68Fatigue 84 Food intolerances 48 Blindness 20 Diarrhea 20 Paralysis 12 Constipation 64 Anesthesia 32 Dysuria 44 Apho
36、nia 44 Urinary retention 8 Lump in throat 28 Dysmenorrhea Fits or convulsions 20 (premarital only) 4 Faints 56 Dysmenorrhea Unconsciousness 16 (prepregnancy only) 8 Amnesia 8 Dysmenorrhea(other) 48 Visual blurring 64 Menstrual irregularity 48 Visual hallucination 12 Excessive menstrual bleeding 48 D
37、eafness 4 Sexual indifference 44 Olfatory hallucination 16 Frigidity(absence of orgasm) 24 Weakness 84 Dyspareunia 52 Sudden fluctuations Back pain 88 In weight 16 Joint pain 84 Extremity pain 84 Burning pains in rectum,vagina,mouth 28 Other bodily pain 36 Depressed feelings 64 Phobias 48 Vomiting all nine months Nervous 92 of pregnancy 20 Had to quit working Cried a lot 60 Because felt bad 44 Felt life was hopeless 28 Always sickly Thought of dying 48 (most of life) 40 Wanted to die 36 Thought of suicide 28 Attempted suicide 12,