1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目DEALINGWITHBASELIITHEIMPACTOFTHENEWBASELCAPITALACCORD出处BALANCESHEET,2003,VOL11NO4作者THOMASGARSIDEANDJENSBECH原文DEALINGWITHBASELIITHEIMPACTOFTHENEWBASELCAPITALACCORDINTERNATIONALREGULATORSAREDUETOFINALIZETHENEWBASELCAPITALACCORDBYTHEENDOF2003,FORIMPLEMENTATIONBYBANKSATTHEENDOF2006BASELIII
2、SARESPONSETOTHENEEDFORREFORMOFTHEREGULATORYSYSTEMGOVERNINGTHEGLOBALBANKINGINDUSTRYINTHISARTICLE,WEREVIEWTHENEWBASELCAPITALACCORDANDSUMMARIZESOMEOFTHEMAINIMPLICATIONSTHATWEEXPECTITTOHAVEONTHEEUROPEANBANKINGINDUSTRYASWASTHECASEFORTHEFIRSTBASELACCORDBASELI,WECONCLUDETHATNOTONLYWILLTHENEWACCORDHAVEANIMP
3、ACTONTHEAMOUNTOFBOOKCAPITALTHATBANKSAREREQUIREDTOHOLD,BUTALSOONTHESTRATEGICLANDSCAPEOFTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYKEYWORDSBANKING,LIQUIDITY,REGULATION,RISKMANAGEMENTTHENEWRULESOFTHEGAMETHEBASECOMMITTEERELEASEDATHIRD,ANDLIKELYTOBEFINAL,CONSULTATIVEPAPERFORANEWCAPITALACCORDBASELIITHEPROPOSAL,IFADOPTED,WILLCHANG
4、EPROFOUNDLYTHEWAYBANKSASSESSTHEADEQUACYOFSOLVENCYLEVELS,THEROLEOFREGULATORSINSUPERVISINGTHEPRUDENCEOFBANKSRISKMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDTHEAMOUNTOFRISKINFORMATIONTHATBANKSMUSTPUBLISHTOMARKETPARTICIPANTSFOLLOWINGACONSULTATIONPERIOD,THEBASELCOMMITTEEISEXPECTEDTORELEASEAFINALDRAFTOFTHENEWCAPITALACCORDLATEI
5、N2003THECURRENTBASELCAPITALACCORDBASELIHASHADCONSIDERABLESUCCESSINREACHINGITSSTATEDAIMSOFSTRENGTHENINGTHESTABILITYOFTHEINTERNATIONALBANKINGSYSTEM,BYINCREASINGCAPITALLEVELSANDCREATINGAMORELEVELPLAYINGFIELDTHROUGHTHECONSISTENTAPPLICATIONOFTHEACCORDINDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESINAGGREGATE,CURRENTGLOBALAVERAGELE
6、VELSOFTIER1CAPITALROSETO8PERCENTFROMAPPROXIMATELY6PERCENTIN1993MOREOVER,BASELIISUSEDINMORETHAN100COUNTRIES,FARMORETHANWASINITIALLYEXPECTEDDESPITETHISAPPARENTSUCCESSINACHIEVINGITSPRIMARYGOALS,ITISCLEARTHATBASELIHASALSOHADSOMEUNINTENDEDANDUNDESIRABLEEFFECTS,OWINGTOTHERELATIVELYCRUDEWAYINWHICHMINIMUMCA
7、PITALREQUIREMENTSARECURRENTLYDETERMINEDUNDERTHECURRENTAPPROACH,BANKSMUSTHOLD8PERCENTOFRISKWEIGHTEDASSETSRWASINELIGIBLEBOOKEQUITYTIER1ANDTIER2CAPITALMOSTASSETSAREFULLYWEIGHTED,WITHVERYLIMITEDRECOGNITIONOFUNDERLYINGCREDITRISKTHELACKOFRISKSENSITIVITYOFTHECURRENTACCORDHASMEANTTHATMANYBANKSHAVEMIGRATEDAW
8、AYFROMATTRACTIVELYPRICED,FULLYRWASTOHIGHERRISKLENDINGORTOZERORWAS,EVENIFTHESEASSETSARETOLOWQUALITYCORPORATEISSUERSANDOECDBANKS/GOVERNMENTSANOTHERSYMPTOMOFTHEUNDESIRABLEEFFECTSOFBASELIHASBEENTHEINCREASINGUSEOFREGULATORYARBITRAGEAIMEDATGROWINGRETURNSWHILELIMITINGREGULATORYBALANCESHEETGROWTHEGVIA364DAY
9、REVOLVINGLOANSANDRWADRIVENSECURITIZATIONSANOTHERDEFICIENCYOFTHECURRENTAPPROACHISTHATITONLYCONSIDERSCREDITANDMARKETRISK,IGNORINGOPERATIONALRISKFOREXAMPLETHISHASMEANTTHATCERTAINBUSINESSLINESSUCHASADVISORYSERVICES,ASSETMANAGEMENT,CUSTODYANDDEPOSITTAKINGHAVECOMETOBETHOUGHTOFAS“RISKFREE”THEWAYINWHICHBASE
10、LIISEEKSTOADDRESSMANYOFTHEPROBLEMSASSOCIATEDWITHITSPREDECESSORISBRIEFLYSUMMARIZEDINFIGURE1ASCANBESEEN,BASELIIISBUILTAROUNDTHREEPILLARSCOVERINGMINIMUMCAPITALREQUIREMENTS,SUPERVISORYREVIEWANDMARKETDISCIPLINEPILLARISPECIFIESMINIMUMCAPITALREQUIREMENTSFORBANKSEXPOSURETOCREDITRISKSUBSTANTIALLYREVISEDANDEN
11、HANCEDFROMBASELI,MARKETRISKUNCHANGEDFROMA1997AMENDMENTTOBASELIANDOPERATIONALRISKNEWINBASELIIFORCREDITRISK,BANKSCANCHOOSEFROMTHREEAPPROACHESUNDERPILLARITHESTANDARDIZEDAPPROACHRELIESLARGELYONEXTERNALRATINGSANDREGULATORYBENCHMARKSTHEOTHERAPPROACHESAREBOTHINTERNALRATINGSBASEDIRBAPPROACHES,THATALLOWBANKS
12、TOUSETHEIRINTERNALMODELSTOCALCULATECAPITALREQUIREMENTSTHETWOAPPROACHESDIFFERINTHEIRRELATIVESOPHISTICATIONANDTHEDEGREETOWHICHABANKISALLOWEDTORELYONITSACTUALPORTFOLIOBEHAVIORTHESIMPLERISKNOWNASTHEIRBFOUNDATIONAPPROACH,THEMORECOMPLEXASTHEIRBADVANCEDAPPROACHCONSEQUENTLY,UNLIKETHEBASELIAPPROACH,INDIVIDUA
13、LBANKSWILLHAVEDIFFERENTMINIMUMCAPITALREQUIREMENTSDEPENDINGUPONTHESOPHISTICATIONOFTHEIRINTERNALCREDITRISKMANAGEMENTCAPABILITIESANDTHERISKCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEIRRESPECTIVELENDINGBOOKS,ASDESCRIBEDINFIGURE2PILLARIIOFBASELIIREQUIRESREGULATORSTOASSESSTHEAPPROPRIATENESSOFABANKSRISKMANAGEMENTPROCESSESANDCAPI
14、TALPOSITIONTOSUSTAINATARGETLEVELOFSOLVENCYBASELIIISEXPLICITINITSEXPECTATIONTHATBANKSWILLCONTINUETOHOLDCAPITALINEXCESSOFTHEMINIMUMLEVELSDERIVEDTHROUGHTHEPILLARICALCULATIONSTHISASSESSMENTISTOBEBASEDONATHOROUGHREVIEWOFTHEINSTITUTIONSFIRMWIDERISKMANAGEMENTCAPABILITIESANDDEGREETOWHICHSUCHINTERNALRISKMEAS
15、UREMENTTOOLSAREUSEDBYINDIVIDUALBANKSINCONDUCTINGDAYTODAYBUSINESSREGULATORSAREREQUIREDTOINTERVENEIFRISKORCAPITALMANAGEMENTPROCESSESAREDEEMEDUNSATISFACTORYFINALLY,PILLARIIIISINTENDEDTOFOSTERINCREASEDMARKETDISCIPLINEINTOTHETRADITIONALLYPRIVATEANDHISTORICALLYOPAQUEWORLDOFBANKRISKANDCAPITALMANAGEMENTITWI
16、LLFUNDAMENTALLYTRANSFORMFINANCIALREPORTINGFORBANKSBYDEMANDINGINCREASEDDEPTHANDBREADTHOFDISCLOSUREINCLUDING,FORTHEFIRSTTIME,COMPULSORYREPORTINGOFSENSITIVERISKPARAMETERSANDTHERISKPROFILEOFTHEBANKSEXPOSURESTHEBASELCOMMITTEEHASWORKEDWITHTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDIASBOARDTOENSURECONSISTENCYBETWEE
17、NOVERLAPPINGREPORTINGREQUIREMENTSHENCE,WEEXPECTTHESENEWREQUIREMENTSTOSETTHESTANDARDFORFUTUREREPORTINGBYFINANCIALSERVICEINSTITUTIONSGLOBALLYWINNERSANDLOSERSMOVINGTOAMORERISKSENSITIVEFRAMEWORKMEANSTHATCAPITALREQUIREMENTSWILLCHANGEACROSSBUSINESSLINES,BANKSANDREGIONSTHIS,INTURN,MEANSTHATTHEREWILLBEWINNE
18、RSANDLOSERSINTERMSOFCAPITALREQUIREMENTSUNDERBASELIITOIDENTIFYTHEWINNERSANDTHELOSERS,WEHAVEANALYZEDBASELIISIMPACTONTHEVARIOUSFACTORSTHATMAKEUPTHEMINIMUMCAPITALREQUIREMENTSFORCREDITANDOPERATIONALRISK1OURANALYSISCOMPLEMENTSTHERESULTSOFTHEFINALQUANTITATIVEIMPACTSTUDYQIS3,WHICHWASPUBLISHEDBYTHEBASELCOMMI
19、TTEEON5MAY2003THEKEYDIFFERENCEBETWEENOURRESULTSANDQIS3ISTHATWEAIMTOASSESSTHEULTIMATEIMPACTOFBASELII,WHEREASQIS3REFECTSTHECURRENTSTATUSQUOWHERE,FOREXAMPLE,ONLYTHERELATIVELYSOPHISTICATEDBANKSARECAPABLEOFESTIMATINGTHECREDITCAPITALREQUIREMENTSUSINGTHEIRBAPPROACHESOURESTIMATESINDICATETHATTOTALMINIMUMCAPI
20、TALREQUIREMENTSFORTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYASAWHOLEWILLBEROUGHLYUNCHANGEDUNDERTHEIRBFOUNDATIONAPPROACH,INCREASEUNDERTHESTANDARDIZEDAPPROACHANDDECREASEUNDERIRBADVANCEDTHISISCONSISTENTWITHBASELIISSTATEDAIMOFMAINTAININGCURRENTTOTALCAPITALLEVELSANDWITHQIS3,ANDPROVIDESANOVERALLINCENTIVETOIMPROVERISKMANAGEMENTCH
21、ANGESINCORPORATERWASAREHEAVILYRATINGSDEPENDENTSINCESIZEISAKEYDRIVEROFTHEPROBABILITYOFDEFAULTPDFORCORPORATIONS,RWASARELIKELYTORISEFORNONRETAILSMES,WHILEAGGREGATECAPITALHELDAGAINSTLARGECORPORATIONSWILLDROPTHEBIGGESTREDUCTIONSAREINMORTGAGESOTHERRETAILPRODUCTSAREALSO“LARGEGAINERS”ONAVERAGE,THOUGHTHISINC
22、LUDESPOTENTIALLYSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESBETWEENPERSONALLOANS,WHERECAPITALREQUIREMENTSDECREASE,ANDCREDITCARDS,WHEREINCREASESMAYOCCURUNDERTHEIRBAPPROACHESSOVEREIGNS,WHICHAREMOSTLYZEROWEIGHTEDATTHEMOMENT,ARELIKELYTOSEETHEBIGGESTRELATIVEINCREASESINMINIMUMREQUIREDCAPITALSIMILARLYTHEEFFECTIVERWASAPPLIEDTOWE
23、STERNEUROPEANCOUNTRIESARELIKELYTOVARYBASEDONDIFFERENCESINTHEIRAGGREGATEPORTFOLIOSPLITSANDRISKPARAMETERSTHENORDICREGION,WITHAHIGHCONCENTRATIONINRETAILLENDINGANDRELATIVELYLOWRISK,WILLEXPERIENCEASUBSTANTIALDROPINOVERALLRWASUNDERTHEIRBAPPROACHESINCONTRASTITALYANDASSUMINGCURRENTTRENDS,GERMANYARELIKELYTOS
24、EETHEBIGGESTINCREASESMIX,GEOGRAPHYANDSOPHISTICATIONOFRISKMANAGEMENTANDWHILEMOSTBANKSARELIKELYTOSEEAREDUCTIONINREGULATORYCAPITALUNDERIRBAPPROACHES,SOMEBANKSWILLSEETHESEREQUIREMENTSINCREASETHIS,TOGETHERWITHTHEFACTTHATAFARGREATERPROPORTIONOFBANKPORTFOLIOSWILLBERATEDASBANKSMIGRATETOIRBAPPROACHES,ISLIKEL
25、YTOPROVIDEFURTHERIMPETUSTOTHEUSEOFCREDITRISKTRANSFERMETHODSSUCHASCREDITDERIVATIVES,SECURITIZATIONANDTRADINGINTHESECONDARYDEBTCAPITALMARKETSUSINGBASELIITOIMPROVEBUSINESSPERFORMANCETHEBANKINGINDUSTRYOVERALLHASSOFAREVOLVEDONLYSLOWLYTOWARDECONOMICALLYBASEDSHAREHOLDERVALUEMANAGEMENTBASELIISHOULDACCELERAT
26、ETHISTRENDBECAUSEOFITSWIDESPREADIMPACTINCONTRASTWITHTHEGRADUALDIFFUSIONOF“BESTPRACTICE”,THEBASELREQUIREMENTSWILLAFFECTALLBANKSINEUROPEANDASIGNIFICANTPROPORTIONOFTHEBANKINGASSETSHELDINNORTHAMERICA,SPEEDINGUPTHE“SLOWESTSHIPINTHECONVOY”MOREOVER,THEKEYSTUMBLINGBLOCKTOEFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATIONOFECONOMICCAP
27、ITALANDRISKADJUSTEDRETURNONCAPITALTECHNIQUESHASOFTENBEENTHELACKOFACREDIBLEQUANTITATIVEBASEDINTERNALRATINGSYSTEMCOMPLIANCEWITHTHENEWIRBAPPROACHESWILLPROVIDEMOSTOFTHEPARAMETERSNEEDEDTODELIVERTHESEMEASURESATAGRANULARLEVELINCREDITBUSINESSESINADDITION,THENEWCAPITALREQUIREMENTFOROPERATIONALRISKWILLPROVIDE
28、ABASISALBEITCURRENTLYIMPERFECTFORATTRIBUTINGECONOMICCAPITALTONONCREDITORMARKETRISKINTENSIVEACTIVITIES,SUCHASASSETMANAGEMENT,CUSTODYORSECURITIESPROCESSINGASTHENEWBASELIIMETRICSAREIMPLEMENTEDINBANKSTHATHAVENOTYETINTEGRATEDRISKADJUSTEDMEASURESINTOTHEIRBUSINESSSYSTEMS,THEIREXPERIENCEISLIKELYTOMIRRORTHAT
29、OFLEADINGBANKSWHICHHAVEALREADYMADETHISTRANSITIONSOMEOFTHEKEYTACTICALIMPROVEMENTSTHATCANBEEXPECTEDINCLUDEPRICINGFORRISKCREDITMARKETSARENOTORIOUSLYINEFFECTIVEINPRICINGFORRISKWHILETHISISPARTLYDUETOBANKSUSINGCREDITASALOSSLEADERTOSELLNONCREDITSERVICES,ITALSOREFLECTSTHEINABILITYOFMANYBANKSTOQUANTIFYCREDIT
30、RISKACCURATELYATASUFFICIENTLYGRANULARLEVELIRBCOMPLIANTRATINGTOOLSWILLPROVIDEASTRONGBASISFORQUANTIFYINGRISK,ANDSHOULDGOALONGWAYTOWARDINSTILLINGMOREEFFECTIVERISKPRICINGDISCIPLINECREDITPROCESSREDESIGNFORCORPORATEANDSMEPORTFOLIOSIRBCOMPLIANTRATINGTOOLSCANALSOSERVEASANEXCELLENTGUIDEFORALIGNINGRESOURCESWI
31、THRISKINCREDITAPPROVAL,LIMITSETTING,LOANSERVICINGANDMONITORINGPROCESSESBYLEVERAGINGTHEINFORMATIONCONTENTOFTHENEWRATINGTOOLS,BANKSCANREDESIGNEXPENSIVECREDITPROCESSES,MAKINGTHEM“FASTER,BETTER,ANDCHEAPER”OPERATIONALRISKIMPROVEMENTTHENEWFOCUSONOPERATIONALRISKIDENTIFICATION,LOSSREPORTING,MONITORING,ANDCO
32、NTROLSEVENIFONLYTENUOUSLYLINKEDTOBASELIISPROPOSEDCAPITALCHARGESWILLINEVITABLYLEADTOIMPROVEDOPERATIONALRISKPERFORMANCEACTIVEPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFBETTERRISKANDPROFITABILITYMEASURESWILLFACILITATEACTIVEPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTWHEREBYPORTFOLIOMANAGERSWILLSEEKTOOPTIMIZETHERISKRETURNPROFILEOFTH
33、EPORTFOLIOBYDETERMININGWHICHLOANSTOHOLDONBALANCESHEET,WHICHTOHEDGE,ANDWHICHTOSELLOFFINTOTHESECONDARYMARKETCUSTOMERVALUEMANAGEMENTANDRELATIONSHIPMANAGERPERFORMANCETHEUSEOFIRBCOMPLIANTRISKMEASUREMENTTOOLSSHOULDALLOWBANKSTOASSESSTHEECONOMICVALUEADDEDBYINDIVIDUALCUSTOMERSANDRELATIONSHIPMANAGERS,PROVIDIN
34、GBETTEROPPORTUNITIESFOROPTIMIZINGCUSTOMERSEGMENTATIONANDREWARDINGRELATIONSHIPMANAGERSONTHEABILITYTOCREATEVALUELEVERAGINGTHEPOTENTIALOFBASELIICOMPLIANTTOOLSSHOULDMORETHANCOMPENSATEFORTHEAVERAGECOMPLIANCESPENTINMOSTBUSINESSESBESTPRACTICERISKANDCAPITALMANAGEMENTISKEYBASELIIREPRESENTSANEWERAFORRISKANDCA
35、PITALMANAGEMENT,WITHTHESEFUNCTIONSBECOMINGINCREASINGLYCENTRALTOABANKSSTRATEGICPOSITIONINGHENCE,ADVANCESINRISKANDBALANCESHEETMANAGEMENTAREACLEARSIGNALOFPOTENTIALSUCCESSINTHEPOSTBASELWORLDBESTPRACTICESTOLOOKFORINCLUDEBASELIICOMPLIANCEATCLOSETOIRBADVANCEDLEVELFORCREDITRISK,UNLESSTHISISCLEARLYNOTSTRATEG
36、ICALLYIMPORTANTPROVENCAPABILITYINCREDITPORTFOLIOMODELINGANDWHEREUNDERTAKENDEMONSTRATIONOFECONOMICEFFICIENCYOFRISKTRANSFERINITIATIVESMOVESTOWARDSINTEGRATEDCAPITALMANAGEMENT,SPANNING1OPTIMIZATIONOFTOTALCAPITALANDTIER1/TIER2MIXWHILEACCOUNTINGFORREGULATOR,RATINGAGENCY,CREDITORANDSHAREHOLDERCONCERNSANDCO
37、STSOFCAPITAL2EFFICIENTECONOMICALLOCATIONOFINTERNALCAPITALRESOURCES；3CLOSERORGANIZATIONALLINKBETWEENRISKMEASUREMENTANDCAPITALMANAGEMENT；ANDCAPITALFORECASTINGSUPPORTINGVALUEBASEDBUSINESSPLANNINGINCREASEDTRANSPARENCYWITHRESPECTTODISCLOSURESOFRISKANDBALANCESHEETSTRUCTUREANDPROACTIVECOMMUNICATIONOFKEYRIS
38、KANDCAPITALMETRICSANDSTRATEGIESTOEXTERNALCONSTITUENCIESASMARKETSADJUSTTONEWDISCLOSURESANDREGULATORSTAKEONINCREASINGLYPOWERFULROLES,THECOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTINFINANCIALSERVICESWILLSHIFTACCORDINGLYAPARTFROMTHEOBVIOUSUPGRADINGOFTHEROLESOFRISKANDCAPITALMANAGEMENTWITHINBANKS,BUSINESSMODELSWILLNEEDTOBEREE
39、VALUATEDANDGOALSFORTHEDELIVERYOFSHAREHOLDERVALUEWILLNEEDTOBEMORECLEARLYCOMMUNICATEDNOWISTHETIMETOMAKETHESTRATEGICANDTACTICALDECISIONSREQUIREDTOADDRESSTHEPOSTBASELIIWORLDTHEFORTHCOMINGREGULATORYCHANGESLARGELYHAVEBEENDRAFTEDANDMADEREADYFORIMPLEMENTATIONITISNOWUPTOTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYTORESPONDTOTHENEWRUL
40、ESOFTHEGAME译文巴塞尔II新巴塞尔资本协议的影响国际金融监管机构在2003年确定了巴塞尔新资本协议，银行决定在2006年底开始实施。巴塞尔协议是对全球银行业监管体制改革的监管。在这篇文章中，我们回顾新巴塞尔资本协议并总结一些对欧洲银行业发生的重要影响。我们得出这样的结论新协议不但对持有资本额的数量做了规定，还对银行业的这一战略格局进行展望。关键词银行，流动性，监管，风险管理新巴塞尔资本协议的新规则巴塞尔委员会虽然对新资本协议（BASELII）只公布了三分之一，但这很可能是最后对该文件的咨询和定稿。假如这项建议获得通过，将会深刻改变评估银行的偿付能力的方式，监管机构对于银行风险管理德实
41、践和银行必须发布对市场参与者的风险信息量，经过巴塞尔委员会的讨论，他们将在2003年底发布的新资本协议的最后草案。当前的巴塞尔资本协议（BASELI）对加强国际金融体系的稳定性的既定目标已经获得了巨大的成功，在不同国家申请应用本协议的同时，通过增加了资本水准，创造了一个更公平的竞争领域。从总体上来说，现在全球一级资本的平均水平大概从1993年的6升至8，此外，巴塞尔资本协议已用于100多个国家，远超过最初的预期。尽管如此明显的达到了其最初的目标，很明显的是对于巴塞尔条约我获得了一些意想不到的不良影响，这是由于当前决定的最低资本准入要求方式相对较低。根据当前的方法，银行必须持有合格股东权益账面价
42、值一级和二级资本的8的风险加权资产。在潜在的有限信贷风险被识别后，大部分资产已被加权。目前银行的协议条款缺乏风险灵活性，它的价格也偏离了有吸引力的定位，这是对公司证券发行者和经济合作与发展组织银行和政府发行的高风险贷款的完全风险加权资产或零风险加权的资产而言的。巴塞尔的另一个症状的不良影响表现为政府机构只考虑信用与市场风险,忽视经营风险（例如，凭借364天的循环贷款和风险加权资产驱动的证券化计划）。现在的措施是,它只考虑信用与市场风险,忽视经营风险，例如咨询服务、资产管理、保管、存款来被认为是“无风险”。新巴塞尔协议试图解决许多前身的相关问题。如图1所示，可以看出，新巴塞尔协议是建立在最低准入
43、资金、监督审核和市场规律的三大支柱上的。新巴塞尔协议的支柱1是为了防范银行信贷风险在最低资本充足率（在巴塞尔协议的基础之上有了大幅度地修改和提高），市场风险（未作修改的1997年巴塞尔修正案）和操作风险（新增项目）上暴露的危机。关于信用风险，银行可以选择三种方法作为参考标准方法很大程度上依赖于外部评分标准和管理水平。另一种方法是以内部评级（IRB）作为基础的的方法，其允许银行使用内部模型来计算资本充足率。这两种行为在依赖于银行实际投资组合的程度上有着相对复杂的不同内部评级基本方法众所周知都是简单的，复杂的就是高级的内部评级方法，因此，与巴塞尔协议的做法类似，各家银行有不同的准入资金取决于其内部
44、信贷风险管理能力的先进性和各自借贷要求的风险特征。新巴塞尔协议的支柱2要求监管机构适当评估银行风险管理流程和维系较高偿付能力目标水平的资本位置。新巴塞尔协议中明确指出期望银行能够继续持有资本的超过最低水平的部分。他的评价是要在对该机构进行全面审查企业范围内的风险管理程度为基础，这种的内部风险测量工具已经运用到被个别银行日常业务中了去了。监管机构必须介入进行干预如果风险或资本管理流程被认为不令人满意，。最后，支柱3是为了培养提高个别传统市场约束和历史上不透明的银行风险和资金管理。通过要求加强披露信息的深度与广度，将首次从根本上打破财务报告，敏感风险参数和银行风险承担强制报告的水平。巴塞尔委员会曾
45、与国际会计标准IAS组织一道参与，以确保报告要求的一致性。于是，我们希望这些新的要求为未来全球金融服务机构的报告设定标准。赢家和输家建立更加灵活性的风险框架意味着资本充足率将改变各业务线、银行和地区等限制。反过来，这意味着巴塞尔II资本的识别下将有赢家和输家。为了识别赢家和输家，我们分析了影响新巴塞尔协议的各种因素组成的准入资金信用及营运风险。我们的分析完善了2003年5月巴塞尔委员会公布的最终定量影响研究QIS3的结果。我们的分析结果和QIS3的区别是，我们的目标是,评估新巴塞尔协议的最终影响。而QIS3反映了目前的现状，例如，只有相对成熟的银行有能力要求信贷资金使用内部评级法的方法。我们的
46、预测表明，随标准化方法增加和随内部评级方法减少，在内部评级方法的基础之上，银行业总体的最低资本充足率将不会有太大的变化。符合新巴塞尔协议和QIS3声称的目标保持当前总资本水平，并全面改进动力风险管理。公司的风险加权资产的变化很大程度上依赖评级。关键驱动力是公司违约风险PD的一个主导因素，非零售中小企业的风险加权资产上涨的，反之，大公司的总资本将削减。最大的削减就是抵押贷款，其他零售产品同时也是“大赢家”，但这两者之间存在潜在的显著差异，尽管这包括使资本充足率下的个人贷款和内部评级中所需的逐渐增加的信用卡。目前大部分零加权的主权国家可能最大程度地增加相应所需的最低资本。同样的，西欧国家有效风险加
47、权资产的不同主要基于他们在综合差异分裂和风险投资组合参数方面的差异。在相对较低风险和高浓度的零售贷款的北欧地区，内部评级中的风险加权资产可能会遭受的大幅度的下降。假设对比意大利和德国目前的趋势，德国可能会看到大幅度的增加。风险管理的复杂性，大部分银行的监管资本可能减少，有些银行的内部评级法可以使这些资本增加。连同而来的事实就是银行投资组合将被限定，它北认为银行偏向内部评级的方法，这有可能进一步推动信用风险转移的使用方法，如信贷衍生工具、资产证券化和二级债务资本市场的交易。新巴塞尔协议对对提高企业使用性能的影响银行业发展到目前为止的整体实现缓慢进化的股东价值管理为导向。这种趋势将会新巴塞尔协议的
48、影响。相较于逐渐扩散的“最佳做法”，巴塞尔的要求将影响欧洲所有的银行包括占持有相当比例的北美银行资产，使“落后者”加快了速度。此外，用资本手段执行促进经济资本和规避风险后的资本回报率的关键障碍经常是缺乏一个可靠的定量的内部评级系统。在信贷业务的精细水平上提供这些措施，符合新的内部评级方法，它将提供所需的这些参数。此外，按操作风险的要求，新资本协议为其提供了属于非信用经济资本或市场风险的密集行为的依据（虽然目前并不完善），如资产管理、托管和资产证券化。作为新巴塞尔协议实施标准在其商业系统没有集成风险调整措施的银行中，他们的经验将是一面镜子已经使关键的战术改进，并走在队伍前列，可以预期的战略措施包
49、括价格风险信贷市场的风险定价是无效。而这部分是由于银行使用信用卡出售非信贷服务的首要损失，它也反映了许多银行不能精确的量化使其维持在充分精细的水平的信用风险。内部评级标准评价工具将为量化风险提供一个有力的依据，而且量化风险要走很长的路才能渗入更有效的风险定价机制。设计企业和中小企业的投资组合的信用审核内部评级标准的评价工具还可以作为一种优秀的调整工具，在限额设定，贷款服务和监测过程中为信息内容提供最佳指南。通过利用新评价工具的信息内容，银行可以重新设计信贷成本流程，使他们达到“更快，更好，更省”的效果。操作风险的改进巴塞尔协议提出的不可避免的将引导改进操作风险性能，即使只存在着微妙的联系，重点在于操作风险识别、损失报告、监督和风险控制。积极的证券投资管理实施更好的风险和收益的资产组合管理措施将有助于活跃投资，证券投资经理寻求优化风险的资产组合，决定资产负债表中风险收益组合的配置，哪些该保值，哪些该以低价出售到二级市场。顾客价值管理和关系经理的使用性能使用内部评级标准的风险计量工具应该允许银行对个别客户和客户关系经理的经济附加值进行评估，提供更好的机会为优化客户分类和奖励客户关系经理创造价值。新巴塞尔协议工具的潜在杠杆作用足以弥补多数企业的平均合理花费。最佳的实践风险和资金管理是关键新巴塞尔协议代表了风险和资金管理的一个新时代，并在银行战略定位中发挥着日益核心的功能
