1、 本科毕业论文 （ 20 届） 英语 中国特色词汇翻译探究 A Study on Vocabulary with Chinese Characteristics 诚 信 声 明 我声明，所呈交的论文 (设计 )是本人在老师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我查证，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文 (设计 )中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。我承诺，论文 (设计 )中的所有内容均真实、可信。 论文 (设计 )作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日 授 权 声 明 学校有权保留送交论文（设计）的原件，允许论文（设计）被查阅
2、和借阅，学校可以公布论文（设计）的全部或部分内容，可以影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文（设计），学校必须严格按照授权对论文 (设计 )进行处理，不得超越授权对论文（设计）进行任意处置。 论文 (设计 )作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日 i I 摘要 当英语广泛频繁地被应用于国际贸易，社会和经济交流，以及其他官方 和非政府活动，当下出现了一股学习英语的热潮。 翻译作为不同语言间的桥梁，在经济、政治和文化的国际相互交流中有着越来越举足轻重的位置。国家间历史背景、地域差异和习俗文化的不同异使翻译成为了一道难题。中国英语是指将汉语和中国文化习俗 在词汇 、 句法 、 语篇 、 文化和修辞 方面用 英
3、语表达 出来 。 由于中国英语既不属于汉语也不属于英语，错误的翻译不仅会带给英语读者困扰和误导，更严重的有可能阻碍中国与世界的跨文化交流。因此，将中国特色词汇正确地翻译出来刻不容缓，尤其是一些时下风靡中国的流行词汇。只有这样，可以更好地了解中国 。 全文共分为四部分。第一章介绍了一些背景知识，文中涉及概念以及写本论文的目的和要阐述的观点，还包括当前研究现状。第二章说明了中国特色英语的概念和翻译难点形成原因并举例说明。第三章介绍了中国特色词汇的翻译方法并举列说明。最后总结主要观点并强调翻译的重要性可以推进与世界的交流。 关键词： 中国英语 ；文化；中国特色；翻译方法；翻译 i II Abstra
4、ct As the English language is becoming a language widely and frequently used in the field of international trade, social and economic communications, and other official and non-governmental activities today, there is a surge of learning English in China. As a bridge among different languages, transl
5、ation plays an important role in facilitating the international exchange of politics, economy and cultures. Problems in translation arise due to the differences of historical backgrounds, regional culture and custom among different nations. China English refers to Chinese language and cultural conve
6、ntions with English expressions at lexical, syntactical, textual, cultural and rhetorical levels. Since China English is neither Chinese nor English, false translation may not only bring about the confusion and misunderstanding among English readers, but more seriously, hinder the cross-cultural com
7、munication between China and the outside world. Therefore, it is time to illustrate the correct translation of vocabulary with Chinese characteristics, especially the buzzwords nowadays so that outsiders can get a better understanding of China. This thesis includes four parts. Chapter One introduces
8、 the background, concepts, purpose, viewpoint and defect of current study. Chapter Two explains lexical gap and its causes, and gives some typical examples. Chapter Three expounds analyzes four methods of translation and still makes examples. The last part is a conclusion based on the main point and
9、 stress the importance of proper translation which can promote the communication between China and world. Key words: China English; culture; Chinese characteristics; translation method; translation i III Contents 1. Introduction . . .1 2. Vocabulary with Chinese Characteristics.2 2.1 Definition and
10、Characteristics.2 2.2 Lexical Gap and Its Main Cause . .3 2.3 Cultural Gap and Its Causes . .4 2.3.1 Local Culture 4 2.3.2 Custom Culture.5 3. Different Ways of Translating Chinese C-words . .6 3.1 Transliteration . . .7 3.2 Literality . .8 3.3 Free translation . 9 3.4 Transliteration plus free tran
11、slation . 9 4. Conclusion . .10 Bibliography . 12 Acknowledgements . 13i 1 1. Introduction As China is usually regarded as an EFL (English as a foreign language) country, I was surprised when I saw some article referred to English as a Second Language (ESL) for the Chinese (Niu and wolff: 9-11). Chi
12、na English, resulting from the combination of Chinese culture and the English language, has become a hot issue in China. Meanwhile, Chinglish has become a very popular term nowadays. While discussing the differentiation of China English and Chinglish, most of the scholars maintained that China Engli
13、sh is a standard variety, which observes the rules of the English language in conveyance of Chinese things and ideas; while Chinglish, which is abnormal of deformed English that is Chinese English learners or users when they are influenced by Chinese language rules, is a deformed English and has no
14、place in China and should he avoided in international communication. Actually, Chinglish and China English are at different points on the same continuum of interlanguage between Chinese and Standard English in the Chinese context, at different stages of acquisition or proficiency level. They are bot
15、h transferred varieties of English. In this article, I will analyze vocabulary with Chinese characteristics by data collecting. I collect information and kinds of examples from Internet and books. Entering the 21st century, more and more linguists, scholars and English teachers are devoted to studyi
16、ng globalization, localization and standardization of the English language. They write articles and publish books. I mainly introduce two books. One is Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History (Kingsley Bolton, 2003) written by an outstanding world English expert Kingsley Bolton. The book makes
17、a detailed observation of the history of English in China and reviews the description and analysis of Hong Kong English and China English from social, historic and linguistic aspects, aims at revealing the historic origin of Hong Kong English and forgotten past of English in China. The other book is
18、 China English (Chingish) written by Jin Hui-kang, who is well-known for studying China English. The purpose of the book is to describe Chinese culture and society by using normative English. The aim of advocating and using China English is to describe those unique things like Chineseness in Chinese
19、 culture and society better and make international readers comprehend easily so as to promote the communication, understanding and cooperation between the East and West. China Eng1ish is firstly put forward in 1980 by Professor Ge Chuan-gui i 2 (1980:91-92), who regards English in China as the inevi
20、table outcome of translating into English items specific to Chinese culture, as with Four Books (from 四书 in Chinese), Five Classics (from 五经 in Chinese) and an Eightlegged essay (from 八股文 in Chinese). Li Shao-hua (2006:44) mentioned that an argument about 西译汉化 and 汉译西化 flares up in 1988. Huang Jin-q
21、i analyzed Chinese characteristics on facts of expressions, particular things, illusions and syntactic structure by abundant examples and confirmed the positive side of 汉化英语 , such as paper tiger (from 纸老虎 in Chinese), spiritual pollution (from 精神污染 in Chinese). He also calls for separating Chinese
22、English from Chinglish, and defines the English with Chinese characteristics as Chinese-colored English. Jiang Y.J. (2003:3-8) cites that China English after reviewing several persons definitions as follows: China English has normative English as its core but with Chinese characteristics in lexicon,
23、 syntax and discourse, and it is employed to express China-specific things through means of transliteration, borrowing and semantic regeneration but without interference from the Chinese language. Many scholars prefer China English as an appropriate term to refer to the English as used in China. Par
24、ticularly in both Jiang Y.J. (1995:51-53) and Wei Y. and Fei J. (2003:42-47), China English is regarded as a member of the family of World Englishes-a kind of English with Chinese characteristics and culture. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the history and current studies of China Engli
25、sh, give a general review of different opinions about China English and Chinglish. Then it discusses the causes and manifestations of China English by citing a number of examples and translation practice and to highlight the necessity of maintaining Chinese cultural identity in using English in the
26、global village. And finally show the significance and prospect of China English. Through 4 different methods of translation analysis, that is, transliteration, literality, free translation and transliteration plus free translation, the paper illustrates a great deal of buzzwords in todays China. All
27、 this, I believe, will enhance cultural exchanges and facilitate intercultural communication. 2. Vocabulary with Chinese Characteristics 2.1 Definition and characteristics English with Chinese characteristics is named China English. It refers to language i 3 reflection on Chinese cultural phenomenon
28、 involving of geography, history, antiques, persons name, articles name, allusions, institution, events, jargon, buzzwords and local customs etc. (Chang Yu-tian, 2002) China English is different from Chinese English or Chinglish. Application of Chinglish in grammar, rhetoric and idiomatic expression
29、s is violating the standard English rules so that it has drawbacks of those words that are all English, but makes people feel awkward. However, China English keeps Chinese characteristics well on the premise of following these English principles correctly. (Zhang jian, 2001) At present, most scholar
30、s believe that China English, standard English-focus, is a variant of English expressing Chinese things and phenomena. 2.2 Lexical gap and its cause Lexical gap is one of the most important characteristics of China English. Here we focus on its main cause: traditional heritage. And illustrate the ca
31、use with some typical examples. Historical culture is formed in the process of specific historic development and social heritage sedimentation. Different nations developed in different way. Thus each has its own words to express the specific people and events and show distinct multi-culture. (Liu Ya
32、n-qun: 192) Language commonness is embodied in persons unity of thinking. Persons expression of ideas has something in common with each other more or less. On the other hand, linguistic form still preserves sedimentation of national cultural traditions by constant creation and cumulative language fo
33、rmation. In this way, arbitrariness and conventions makes part of objects and concepts which are supposed to be become vacancy. Thats how lexical gap comes into being. As a result, translators are inevitably required to fill the vacancy. In the long process of history development, there are numerous
34、 kinds of ethnic heritage. Looking back to the ancient times, we can find examples of bound feet (from 裹足 in Chinese, a vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually), child wife (from 童养媳 in Chinese, a girl raised from childhood to be wife of son of family, and 风水 in Chi
35、nese (the location of a persons house and ancestral grave, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family and his offspring). Give another typical example: 1) 3S lady or leftover ladies (from 剩女 in Chinese). Its one of the newly-born words issued by the ministry of education on August, i 4
36、 2007. Leftover ladies, or 剩女 in Chinese, has become a buzzword in the Chinese language. They refer to the ladies who are well-educated, well-paid and independent and enjoy good condition. They are also called as 3S women: single, seventies (most were born in the 70s) and stuck. 2) According to the
37、survey, 21.6 percent of the leftover women and men are subject to long-term sexual repression, while only 17.6 percent have regular sex partners. Visiting prostitutes and having multiple sex partners have become two main causes of sexually transmitted diseases, such as AIDS. The report translates 剩女
38、剩男 into leftover women and men with obvious derogatory sense. Because leftover always means the vegetable or food those are left. In the context, it also expresses something negative. There is a group of persons who are close to expiry date also given the title of doomed single (from 必胜客 in Chinese)
39、. However, a twenty or thirty-year old lady is always reluctant to be called as leftover woman. The group of ladies is often called 3S lady in the abroad. Someone think this translation is not so suitable for the new generation of Chinese ladies. They prefer to call them SAS ladies that stand for si
40、ngle, attractive and successful. 2.3 Cultural gap and its causes Cultural gap is the other important characteristic of China English. It can be divided into two parts: regional culture and custom culture. 2.3.1 Regional culture Regional culture is a kind of cultural differences which arises from loc
41、ation, natural condition, and ecological environment. Plenty of idioms, allusions, slang, sayings and proverbs in China English equipped with strong sense of Chinese characteristics and regional characteristics. A majority of areas in China lie in Asian interior, people cant live without land while
42、England is an island who used to be a leader in maritime industry. To express a waste of money, English uses spend money like water while Chinese uses spend money like earth (from 挥金如土 in Chinese). There are a lot of idioms about ships and water in English, like to rest on ones oars, to keep ones he
43、ad above water, all at sea etc. For another example, in China, people respect North rather than South. When related to direction, people are accustomed to put south in front of north, like sayings from south to north while in English people are used to say from north to south. Position words like northwest, southwest, northeast and southeast are also in the
