在知识经济中,人力资源外包如何影响组织学习【外文翻译】.doc

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1、 外文翻译 原文 How Human Resource Outsourcing Affects Organizational knowledge in the Knowledge Economy Material Source: A previous version of this paper was presented at the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada (ASAC) Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, June 2005. Author: Francine Schlosser, Andrew

2、 Templer and Denise Ghanam The global shift toward a knowledge economy highlights adaptability and knowledge management inherent in organizational learning as critical to organizational success. Yet, as the Economist Special Investigation on Outsourcing (Edwards, 2004) points out, this new adaptatio

3、n of Internet technology is driving the development of service outsourcing. Of particular concern in North America is off support-the outsourcing of work to lower wage economies overseas, especially China and India. Additionally, more and more companies seek to expand its workforce to maintain a fle

4、xible employment. Outsourcing and contingent employment contracts make it more difficult to maintain organizational learning and identity. Employees play a critical role in enhancing organizational learning; so HRM contributes strategically to outsourcing by enhancing organizational learning and mai

5、ntaining corporate culture. Temporary staffing strategies place considerable stress on employment relationships, especially in the psychological contract (Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, 1995), which can result in a significant loss of learning capital, though benefits may result from the infusion of new

6、 ideas outside the company. This individual contribution must be captured through the active participation of HRM at the strategy table. The outsourcing of many HRM functions may complicate this solution. Therefore, the researcher interested in the question is: How can the strategic contributions of

7、 HR to organizational learning, and retain this new situation, training and outsourcing the work force? Although organizational learning has become a hot research topic, spawning research agendas are in knowledge management and learning orientation literatures. And although in this study the role of

8、 HR development orientation had emerged, it includes the impact of temporary HR and experience of the concept of not staffing strategy. Medical staff may think this is a purely academic issue that is trumped by the need to make outsourcing decisions anchored in the current competitive business envir

9、onment. However, we believe that understanding our research agenda will provide practitioners with greater insight and, indeed, a greater toolbox to foster competitive advantage linked to the retention of organizational learning. First, we argued that the loss of learning capital may be driven by th

10、e reason of outsourcing. For example, the choice may depend on outsourcing to reduce costs (competitive priorities), or by a strategic re-focusing on core competencies (customer emphasis), and cultural superiority (internal users emphasis). When outsourcing is undertaken to reduce costs, it becomes

11、more challenging but even more crucial, for HRM to create a strategic management of human capital and to prevent the loss of organizational learning. II. HRM Outsourcing The current dynamic HRM environment demands specific expertise, particularly in the law around employment practices. However, many

12、 small and medium enterprises do not have the breadth of HRM staff to ensure such a specialized skill base. It is easier and more cost-effective to outsource those requirements when the need arises (Adler, 2003; Klaas, 2003; Friesen, 2003). Outsourcing occurs when a company needs temporary or specia

13、lized expertise and decide to contract for temporary workers. A 1996 survey of large North American companies by Hewitt Associates found that 93 percent of respondents outsourced some of their HR features (Greer et al., 1999), but a recent survey by the Conference Board of Canada (Brown,2004) shows

14、that most Canadian HR professionals do not attach great importance to the outsourcing. What seems important is to maintain the strategic direction. Stehle and Treehuboff (2003) offer three guidelines for outsourcing based on their research: (1) to retain a degree of in-house expertise in any outsour

15、ced function, (2) never outsource a core competence, and (3) prioritize corporate culture. Although HR is the common features (Tomback, 2003) of outsourcing, there is no clear agreement in the literature on which functions can be successfully outsourced. Outsourcing in an area may affect the perform

16、ance of other areas. Some activities may not be actually separable, which means that they are either locked indoors, or only as a bundled outsourcing. Functions as a companys own assessment of the easiest transactions can be separated. Salary and benefits are the two most often outsourced tasks, and

17、 training and development are often outsourced because of the availability of highly-quality sources (Jensen, 2003; Adler, 2003; Wolman and Hayward, 2003). One of the biggest outsourcings in Canada was the ten-year, $750-million deal between BMO-Financial and outsource provider Exult to take over wa

18、ges and benefits administration, HR Call-center management, employee records, and other technology-driven administrative functions (Vu, 2004b). In contrast, functions which are strategic and transformational in nature should not be outsourced, but must be maintained in order to create dynamic capabi

19、lities to help companies configure itself effectively in changing market. A dynamic capability is defined as “The companys processes that use resourcesin particular the processes to integrate, reconfigure, access and release resources-to match or even create market change“ (Eisenhardt and Martin, 20

20、00:1107). In this case, Greer et al. (1999) conducted interviews with HR executives to find out which functions were appropriate or inappropriate for outsourcing. Respondents suggested such as labor relations, employee relations, and performance management, core competencies should stay indoors, as

21、these involve employees trust and confidentiality. Outsourcing options is critical for HR practitioners and other key strategic management. If a sustainable competitive advantage lies in the effective utilization of human capital, and the current trend is to realize the functions of HR outsourcing p

22、art of the move, organizations will need to have confidence in the rest of the internal HR functions of the strategic advantage, really provide the “right“ functions which have been outsourced. It is important to distinguish outsourcing that is driven by cost (competitive) and the strategic outsourc

23、ing and integration-driven pressure to re-focus. Additionally, action must be taken to ensure that outsourced functions are aligned with the strategic responsibility to promote a learning orientation throughout the organization. III. The Strategic Role of HRM in Developing Organizational Learning Th

24、is trend toward outsourcing has complicated the strategic role of HRM in developing the knowledge infrastructure and core competencies which is necessary for a learning organization. The core competencies of both organizations is the cornerstone of the establishment of human capital (including train

25、ing, experience, common sense, intelligence, relationships, and views of individual managers and workers), and organizational capital (including the companys formal structure of the report, formal and informal planning, controlling, and coordinating systems, and informal relations among groups withi

26、n a firm and those in its environment) (Barney, 1991). HRM expertise required to effectively aligning human capital with organizational capital, it can be done through the retention of organizational learning. Organizational learning, also known as “a learning orientation“ is described as a “set of

27、values“ by Baker and Sinkula (1999). Higher order learning is to give priority consideration and action of important market information, and discard the information that has become obsolete. In this way, organizational learning creates competitive advantage by strengthening the organizational learni

28、ng and knowledge creation questions the value of behavior (Baker and Sinkula, 1999: 413). The direction of organizational learning is composed of three dimensions: a common vision and experience, commitment to learning, open-minded (Liu et al., 2003; Baker and Sinkula, 1999; Sinkula et al., 1997) an

29、d sustain competitive advantage through innovation (Atuahene-Gima, 1996; Han et al., 1998; Hurley and Hult, 1998). IX. Future Research Outsourcing provides important knowledge resources that augment an organizational learning orientation. Effective harvesting of this knowledge might be aided by futu

30、re empirical and field-based research targeting the relationships between internal marketing strategies, psychological contracts, and organizational learning. Although HR practitioners may be reluctant to consider outsourcing (Brown, 2004), this is probably a carryover from the days in which departm

31、ent size was synonymous with contribution. Outsourcing may actually increase the contribution, as nonstrategic elements are outsourced and resources freed up to enable a greater concentration on the more significant strategic elements. It may even make sense to treat outsourcing like zero-based budg

32、eting in which the HR function has to make a case for each of the elements they choose to remain within the company. James (1997), a leading HR consultant, writes that HRM at the future will be characterized by the focus on “human capital“, by the continuing need to reduce costs, and by managing the

33、 work/family balance. This will contribute to better management of HR and technical expertise. HR outsourcing enhances the dynamic capabilities only if this expertise and technology management is transformed into organizational knowledge. 译文 在 知识经济 中,人 力资源外包如何影响组织 学习 资料来源 : 这篇文章 的前一个版本发表于 2005年 6月加拿

34、大 多伦多 行政科学协会( ASAC)年会上 。 作者: 弗朗辛施洛瑟,安德鲁坦普勒和 丹尼斯 加纳 全球 向 知识经济 型 转 变,调 适应性和知识管理组织学习的内在 是组织成功的关键 。然而,正如经济学家 在 外包(爱德华兹, 2004)特别调查中 指出 ,这种新的互联网科技的适应性正推动服务外包发展。在北美特别关注的是关闭撑 - 工作外包 交予 低工资经济体的海外 来执行 ,特别是中国和印度。此外, 很多公司 通过 扩 张来寻求 维持灵活就业的劳动力队伍 。 外包和队伍雇佣合约使其更难以维持组织学习和身份。在加强 组织学习上,员工发挥 着 关键作用,因此人力资源管理 在战略上 通过加强组

35、织学习和维护企业文化 有助于 外包。 临时工作人员的 这种 战略对雇佣关系 有着 相当大的压力,特别是在心理契约(卢梭 和韦德 -班左尼 , 1995年),它 会 导致学习资本 的 大量 减少 , 尽管由此可以带来公司外部 新思路 的注入 。人力资源管理策略表的积极参与 中必须突出个人 贡献。许多人力资源管理职能外包可能 会使 解决方案 变的复杂化 。因此,研究所关心的问题是 :如何 能使 人力资源 对 组织学习 有 战略 上的 贡献, 并在 外包新形势下 保留 和 培养队伍的工作? 虽然组织学习已成为一个热门的研究课题,产卵在知识管理和学习方向文献研究议程 中 ,虽 提及 人力资源 在 培养

36、 学习 导向 中的角色 , 仍很少有对人力资源员工战略作用有概念和实证的研究。实践者 可能认为这是一个纯学术的问题,更胜于 外包在当前竞争激烈的商业环境下 的决策 。但是,我们相信,理解我们的研究议程将提供更加深入的了解, 一个更好的 树立竞争优势与组织学习的保留 的场所 。首先,我们主张,学习资本 的减少 可以由外包的原因 所 驱动。例如,外包的选择可能取决于降低成本( 强调 竞争),或由战略 重关注 于核心竞争力(强调客户) ,和文化优势(强调内部用户)。当外包 是用来 降低成本 时 ,它变得更具挑战性, 也 更为重要 。 这是 对人力资源管理创造人力资本战略管理 以防止组织学习 的减少而

37、言 。 II.人力资源管理外包 当前动态 的 人力资源管理 的环境 要求专门知识,特别是 有关雇用惯例的 法律。然而,许多小型和中型企业不具备人力资源管理 的 人员的 宽 度 可 以确保这样的专业技能基础。这是比较容易和更符合成本效益 来 外包 因需要产生的 要求(阿德勒, 2003年 ; 克拉斯, 2003; 弗里森, 2003)。外包发生在一个公司需要临时或专门知识,并决定 为临时工人签下合同 。 1996年 由 翰威特 联合公司发起的对 北 美 一 些大 公司的调查 中发现 93%的受访者 转包 他们人力资源的一些功能(格里尔等, 1999), 但 一个由加拿大会议委员会(布朗, 200

38、4年) 发起的一项 最新 调查表明,大多数加拿大人力资源专业人士不会对外包高度重视。 他们 重 视 的是维持战略方向。施特勒和 崔鹤部弗 ( 2003) 以他们的 研究 为基础提供了三种外包指导方针:( 1)保留 一些内部专业知识在 任何外包 功能上 ,( 2) 绝不 外包核心竞争力,以及( 3)优先 考虑 企业文化。虽然人力资源 经常被功能外包 ( 坦姆贝克 , 2003年),在文献上 没有明确表明 功能可以 被 成功 外包 。在一个地区外包可能对其他领域的表现 有 影响。有些活动可能无法 被 实际分离 ,这意味着他们要么被关在室内,或只能捆绑外包。功能 被 一个公司 内部评估 为 可以最容

39、易分开 的 交易。薪资和福利是两项最经常 被 外包的任务,而培训和发展往往是因为高 质量 来源 的可能性才被 外包(詹森, 2003; 阿德勒, 2003年 ; 沃 尔曼 和海沃德, 2003)。在加拿大最大的 一个外包 是 以创立 十年,耗资750万 的 蒙特利尔银行金融和 名为欣喜 外包供应商 ,他们 处理工资和福利管理,人力资源呼叫中心管理,员工记录,和其他技术驱动的行政职能( 瓦努阿图 ,2004年 b)。 与此相反,具有战略性质和变革 的功能 不应该外包,但必须得到维护,以便创建动态能力,帮助企业在变化的市场 中有效地转型 。动态能力 被 定义为:“ 利用资源 , 特别是流程的整合,

40、重新配置,获取和释放资源公司进程, 与市场变化 相匹配,甚至创造市场变化 ” (艾森哈特和马丁, 2000: 1107)。在这种情况下,格里尔等( 1999年) 访问了 人力资源管理 的主管们 , 以 找出 什么职能外包 是 适合 的 或不恰当的。受访者建议,如劳资关系,员工关系,绩效管理的核心竞争力应该 保存于内部 ,因为这些涉及员工的信任和保密性。 外包的选择对人力资源从业者和 其他战略管理 者来说是 关键。如果可持续的竞争优势在于在人力资本的有效利用,以及目前的趋势是实现人力资源职能外包的部分移动,组织需要有信心, 被保存 的内部人力资源职能的战略优势 和真正提供 “正确的 ”功能已经外

41、包。区分由成本驱动(竞争力) 的 外包服务 和 战略重新聚焦和整合驱动压力 的 外发工作 很重要 。此外,必须采取行动,以确保外包的职能与 战略上的责任可 以促进整个组织的学习方向一致 。 III.在 发展组织学习中 人力资源管理的战略作用 这 种有关外包的趋势已经使得 人力资源管理 在发展 学习型组织所需的知识基础设施和核心竞争力的战略 中变得 复杂 。这两个组织的核心竞争 力 的基石是人力资本(包括培训,经验,判断力,智力,关系,以及个别管理人员和工人的见解),和组织资本(包括该公司的正式报告结构,正式和非正式的计划,控制,和协调系统, 以及 公司内部的团体和其环境 下 的非正式关系 )

42、(巴尼,1991)。人力资源管理专业知识要求可以通过组织学习 的 保留有效地 将人力资本和 组织资本 相匹配 。 组织学习,也被称为 “ 学习取向 ”, 被贝克和 辛库拉 ( 1999年)描述为 “ 一套 价值观 ” 高阶学习 有必要 被 优先考虑和 在重大 市场信息 中起作用 ,而丢弃的信息已经 是 过时 了。 这样, 组织学习 通过加 强创造知识的提问值 而得到的由 知识 产生的 行为 来创造优势 (贝克和 辛库拉 , 1999: 413) 组织学习的 取 向 有 三个方面:共同的理想和经验,对学习的承诺,开放的胸襟(刘等人, 2003; 贝克和 辛库拉 , 1999;辛库拉 等, 199

43、7)和通过创新维持 的 竞争优势(鸿翥吉马, 1996年,韩等, 1998; 赫尔利和霍特, 1998)。 IX.未来研究 外包提供了重要的知识资源 来 增强组织学习的 取 向。这种知识的有效收获可能借助于 未来有 经验 主义 和 领域基础的研究。这种研究把 内部营销策略,心理契约 和 组织学习 作为目标。 虽然人力资源从业者 可能不愿意考虑外包(布朗, 2004年),这可能是一个 哪天部门大小是 贡献的代名词 的移行。 实际上 ,外包可能增加了贡献 ,当它作为 非战略性 元素外包出去 , 和资源被 腾出 使得 更多的 注意力集中于 重大战略上的元素。 如此,外包被看成以零为基础的编制预算更能讲得通。而这 其中人力资源 功能为每个他们选择保存在内部的元素提出了充分理由。 一位 领先的人力资源顾问詹姆斯( 1997年)写道 , 未来 人力资源管理的 特点 是集中于 “人力资本 ”,继续降低成本,管理工作 和 家庭 的 平衡。这将有助于更好地 利用 人力资源管理的专业知识和技术 管理 。只有在这些专业知识 和技术管理转化为组织知识 时, 人力资源外包 能够 增强动态能力 。

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