1、 1 外文翻译 原文 Energy-efficient Lighting in China:problems and prospects Material Source: International management magazine Author: Fu Min Chinas choices of energy demand and supply technologies have a large impact on the worlds energy market and the environment. Of its 920 billion kWh electric power pr
2、oduction in 1993, it is estimated that 15% was used for lighting consumption (120 billion kWh). This figure is likely to grow as the country develops, and so improving the energy efficiency of lighting in China could have a tremendous impact on Chinas energy consumption. This paper describes key com
3、ponents of the energy-efficient lighting industry from technology and marketing points of view. We identify a few key problem areas and their potentials for improvement.We identify a national savings potential of 40% by shifting to lamps with performance characteristics typical of current Western pr
4、acticebut without changing the market share of various lamp typesand of 60% by adopting the best commercially available lamps in the West. With the worlds largest population and the fastest growing economy, meeting the growing demand for energy is one of the most important and difficult tasks for Ch
5、ina 1. Because of energy savings programs in the industrial sector during the last two decades, China is one of the few developing countries that has limited its energy demand growth to half of its GNP growth rate. However, energy production and use still impose significant economic and environmenta
6、l costs on China. Given the ever growing economy, population, and standard of living, the current electricity demand and supply relationship cannot be sustained much longer. This nation of 1.2 billion people has the third largest economy in the world after the United States and Japan. Lighting is re
7、sponsible for about 15% of total Chinese electricity usage. The 120 billion kWh is equivalent to the output of about one hundred 250-megawatt electric power plants. Despite the enormous energy demand, lighting energy use in China on average is less than 100 kWh/capita-year, versus about 2 000 kWh/ca
8、pita each year in the United States. Additionally, recommended light levels promulgated by the Illuminating Engineering Society in China are only 2 one-sixth to one-tenth of those in Japan and western industrialized countries. For example, the standard is 75-100 lux in Chinese hospital examination r
9、ooms versus 500-1 000 lux in Germany. Increasingly, lighting designers are using the higher Western lighting levels. The combination of increased light levels and growth in population and building construction will cause lighting demand to grow quickly, probably faster than overall electricity deman
10、d. During the last five years, the average annual increase in lamp production was about 15% versus an 8 to 9% increase in electricity production. The continuing shortfall between electricity demand and supply, the escalating cost of building new power plants and competing needs for investment capita
11、l are just some of the obvious reasons why China is ripe for improved energy efficiency in lighting and other end-use areas. Moreover, power shortages are attributable in part to peak demands caused by lighting and air conditioning in the major cities. Although electricity prices vary widely around
12、China from 3 to 12 US cents/kWh, they are typically higher in fast-growing cities that have serious problems meeting peak electricity demand. However, even with such indisputable market potential, energy-efficient lighting products have had their share of difficulties in the marketplace. Lack of cle
13、ar direction and comprehensive policy from the central and local governments, lack of financial structure and incentives for energy-efficient products, and insufficiently advanced technology and materials to manufacture high-quality, high-performance products are some of the factors limiting the gro
14、wth of energy-efficient technologies. Because of high cost and short equipment lifetimes, typical consumers often view energy-efficient lighting as something that saves energy but not money. When buying cheaper but poorer quality products, some consumers lose all confidence in the technology. The Ch
15、inese lighting energy savings potential has not been rigorously estimated. Based on the product characteristics discussed below, one notes a potential of 45% to 70% efficiency improvement simply by comparing the best-available lamp efficacies in China with those in the West. Luminaire and ballast te
16、chnologies lag behind western standards, offering a similar degree of saving potential. Elevating product quality (as measured by lamp lifetime) to western standards would dramatically improve the cost-effectiveness of a given lighting measure, thus expanding the potential sphere of application. Sim
17、ilarly, as energy prices rise to western levels, the 3 technical-economic potential also increases. A trend towards increased lighting levels and population growth counterbalances the savings potential to an unknown degree. Trends in the mix of lamp types being produced in China suggest that by the
18、year 2000 the ratio of fluorescent to incandescent lamps will increase from 1/9 to 1/4. Over this same time period, combined CFL, T8, and T10 production will increase from 10% of all light sources to 70%, and the share of HIDs will increase from 1% to 10%. These structural changes will in themselves
19、 lead to energy savings, even without efficiency improvements within a given lamp type. Advanced lighting control systemscurrently little known in Chinawould add to the savings potential. Until recently, little attention has been paid to light luminaire design or efficiency in China. Luminaires for
20、outdoor applications (especially highway lighting or high-beam reflector flood systems for industry and commercial settings) are the most advanced. If luminaires are used at all, the main goal is to achieve a certain decorative effect without regard for efficiency. This is particularly true in the r
21、esidential and commercial sectors. Luminaire production standards lag behind those used for lamps. For example, it is very difficult to find CFL-compatible luminaires in China. Luminaire manufacturing occurs mostly in small factories (about 1 500 in total), with total production of 170 million units
22、 per year. With improved relations between mainland China and Taiwan, many Taiwanese and Hong Kong luminaire manufacturers are moving their production to mainland China (although much of the product is re-exported). This trend will bring improved technology, manufacturing quality control, and market
23、ing expertise to the Chinese marketplace. The highest quality luminaires are typically exported to non-Chinese markets that will pay relatively high prices. Ironically, many new high-rise buildings in China install high quality imported luminaires. The luminaire market is perhaps the most underdevel
24、oped market within the lighting industry. Even given the great market potential for energy-efficient lighting, promoting efficient lighting products in China is still a very difficult task. A number of joint ventures between foreign companies and Chinese partners, and a number involving the Chinese
25、government have had problems penetrating the market. Cutting corners on quality can have serious market consequences. For example, the national utility in Ireland purchased Chinese-made CFLs for a pilot rebate programthe CFLs had the best power quality characteristics of anything they could find on
26、the international market. Unfortunately, the early failure rate was about 25% and the utility has rejected 4 the CFLs until their quality can be brought up to Western standards. Lamp qualityboth in terms of efficacy, color rendition, maintenance of initial light output, and service lifeis poorer in
27、China than in many other parts of the world. Only 20% to 30% of the lamps produced meet international quality standards. For example, standard linear fluorescent lamp lifetimes in China range from 3 000 to 5 000 hours, compared with 10 000 to 20 000 for their western-made equivalents. Efficiencies a
28、re 25 to 40 lumens/watt versus 40 to 100 lumens/watt in the West. Good phosphor sources are present in China, but are not well developed. The soft lead glass used today for CFLs loses 20% of its transparency within the first 3 000 hours of operation. Most high quality lamps use hard glass and/or coa
29、ting techniques which could cost twice as much for the Chinese makers. At first glance, the problem seems to be a simple technical one. If the Chinese manufacturers use a higher quality glass, perhaps imported, and other better raw materials, they could make good lamps and save more energy in China.
30、 Indeed, many of those 20 to 30% lamps that meet international standards use better materials. However, the current high-end products are exported to U.S. and European markets that can absorb the additional costs of production. Only if the manufacturers can export the products and earn higher profit
31、s and hard currency can they justify the additional cost of production. If high-quality lamps are imported, duties of 42% apply on incandescent lamps and 30% on fluorescent lamps (including CFLs). For typical households, the price of electricity is not high enough to justify the purchase of a 30 to
32、40 RMB (US$ 5) CFL since the price of a CFL is about 1/4 to 1/6 of monthly family income (or about 5% for the relatively affluent urban households). Additionally, the often poor quality of domestic-made lamps makes it even harder to justify the economic benefits. Most utility companies are subsidize
33、d or run by the government in ways that offer no incentive to promote energy efficiency or to change the electricity price to reflect true costs. This is a direct result of lack of appropriate energy policies. In a cost-driven mass market, lack of standards for quality and performance, and difficult
34、y justifying cost-effectiveness lead to poor-quality, poor performance and cheap products flooding into the market that would not only undermine energy saving benefits, but ultimately destroy the consumer confidence and eventually the market itself. If China is to become a competitive exporter of li
35、ghting products and save 5 energy domestically, quality standards will have to be improved. The shift to a market economy is likely to accelerate the process of improving the economic benefits of energy-efficient lighting products. Following are some examples of preliminary efforts: (1)To give consu
36、mers and exporters an easy way of assessing the quality of lighting products, Chinas National Center for Supervision and Inspection issues the Great Wall Mark certifying product safety. The organization also spot checks products already in the market. Work is underway to explore adoption of the IEC
37、standards. (2)The State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC) plans to launch a Green Lights program in China, loosely modeled after the successful US EPAs program. Several quality products produced by Chinese-owned factories and foreign joint ventures have been selected for utilization in the progra
38、m. As currently conceived, the program would award special labels for products meeting a minimum efficiency threshold. (3)As a form of reward, some city governments have given CFLs to the departments that have achieved energy savings. Today, some cities are considering rebate programs. More complex
39、systems in which loans would be made to companies wishing to invest in efficient lighting retrofits are also under consideration. Loan payments would be indexed to energy savings. (4)The SETCsponsored Energy-Efficient Technology Investment Corporation is active in making loans and investment in ener
40、gy-efficient technologies and products from co-generation to variable-speed motor drives and energy-efficient lighting. (5)The Beijing Energy Efficiency Center, co-founded by the Chinese State Planning Commission, the US Department of Energy, and the US Environmental Protection Agency through Lawren
41、ce Berkeley Laboratory and Pacific Northwest Laboratory, is leading many projects in the area of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) and Demand Side Management (DSM). ShenZhen, the first city to lead the way in running its own market-oriented utility, has already finished the first phase study of a I
42、RP program proposal. It also has committed itself to carrying out several energy-efficient lighting demonstration projects using CFLs, electron- ic ballasts, and T8-lamps in ShenZhen and other cities. This project includes the development of a prototype light logger, for use in evaluating program im
43、pacts. Joint ventures are also introducing the necessary technical expertise and capital 6 or other financial arrangements with foreign companies to achieve western quality standards. About 100 joint ventures for lighting have already been established in China. Most are small to midsized and involve
44、 Taiwanese and Hong Kong companies. Lighting giants such as GE Lighting, Philips, Osram, and several other Japanese lighting manufacturers have also established joint ventures in China. Many of them have started producing products for Chinas domestic market. For example, EBT Shanghai is starting the
45、 second phase of its operation in which it will produce and market electronic ballasts for China. Philipsjoint ventures in Nanjing and Shanghai are producing CFLs and T8 lamps to supply Chinese market in addition to exporting in other parts of Asia. China is an immense lighting market with nearly on
46、e-quarter of the Worlds population and the worlds fastest-growing economy. China has a hearty appetite for light and is already one of the worlds largest producers and consumers of lighting products. Current growth in the lighting market will create an upward pressure on energy demand as well as ass
47、ociated costs and environmental impacts. Improving the efficiency and quality of its lighting products is one way in China can offset its shortfall in electricity supply and fast-growing rate of demand. Manufacturers recognize that the market pull for efficient lighting products is still weak in Chi
48、na. Government policies to promote energy-efficient lighting are a new feature on the Chinese landscape. Several fundamental problems remain: (1) There is not enough emphasis on educating energy users and decision makers about efficiency options available to them. (2) It is still difficult to obtain
49、 capital and justify the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency projects. (3) Primitive manufacturing process and poor quality raw materials are just some of the factors that contribute to the poor performance of most Chinese-made lighting products. (4) There are strong incentives to export energy efficient products manufactured in China, with the result that domestic energy savings are not captured. However, actions in the right direction have been taken in the last few years. Governments have been active in promoting energy efficiency, and hig
