1、山东建筑大学毕业论文 i 本科毕业论文 环境工程专业词汇的特点及其翻译 题 目： The Lexical Features of Environmental Engineering English and their Translation 院 （部）： 市政与环境工程学院 专 业： 环境工程 班 级： 环工 061 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 完成日期： 2009 年 5 月 10 日 山东建筑大学毕业论文 i CONTENTS Abstract . . .iv 摘要 v Introduction1 Chapter 1 The Classification of Environment
2、Engineering Specialized Vocabulary.2 1.1 Technical Words . .2 1.2 Sub/semi-technical Words . .2 1.3 Common Words .3 Chapter 2 The Features of environment engineering specialized vocabulary . .4 2.1 Latin or Greek Origin .4 2.2 Affixation . .4 2.3Compounds and Shortening . 4 2.3.1 Compounds. . .5 2.3
3、.2 Shortening . 5 2.4Analogy . 5 2.5 Coinage of New Words .6 Chapter 3 Environmental Engineering English Vocabulary Translation Strategy .7 3.1 Free Translation .7 3.2 Transliteration .7 3.3 Transliteration and Freetranslation .8 Chapter 4 Word Choice and Expression in the Translation . .9 4.1 The C
4、hoice of the Right Meaning . .9 4.2 The Choice of Proper Expression . .9 4.2.1 derived meaning . .9 4.2.2 conversion of part of speech . . 10 Chapter 5 The qualifications of Environmental Engineering Translation . 11 5.1 Accumulated Expertise . .11 5.2 Professional Knowledge .11 5.3 Extensive Readin
5、g . .11 5.4 Consult the Dictionaries . .12 山东建筑大学毕业论文 ii Conclusion 13 References 14 Acknowledgement 15 山东建筑大学毕业论文 iii Abstract Environmental Engineering is part of scientific English, and its high degree of difficulty lies not only in terms of its large and growing number of new terms, but also in
6、its unique characteristics. Scientific English is a tool different from the ordinary English. As a tool for global communication, the spread of English in the technical aspects of scientific theories play a decisive role. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of English vocabulary and their t
7、ranslation methods are helpful, for teachers and workers in the field. This article covers the Environmental Engineering classification of its vocabulary, its composition, its translation strategy. Key words： Environmental Engineering Vocabulary; translation skills 山东建筑大学毕业论文 iv 摘 要 环境工程专业词汇的翻译属于科技英
8、语 翻译 的范畴，其难度不仅在于其词汇的数目庞大和增长速度之快，而且还在于它独有的特征。科技英语是有别于普通英语的工具性语言，作为全球交流的工具，科技英语在传播科学理论技术方面起着举足轻重的作用。因此，了解科技英语词汇的特点，和翻译方法， 对于从事教学或者是科技翻译工作者来说是一个必要的能力。 本文主要探讨了下面五个方面的问题： 1 环境工程英语词汇的分类 ， 2 环境工程英语词汇的构成 ， 3 环境工程英语词汇翻译的策略 ， 4.翻译时词义的选择和表达 ， 5 环境工程专业英语翻译者的基本素质 。 关键词：环境工程词汇 翻译技巧 山东建筑大学毕业论文 5 Introduction The i
9、nterpretation of environment engineering specialized vocabulary belongs to the translation of Scientific English. It is difficult not only because of the large amount, but also because of its rapid increase. Whats more, it has its own characteristics. Specialized vocabulary is different from the com
10、mon English. As the most important media of global communication, specialized vocabulary is rather important in the area of spreading scientific theories and technology. So comprehending the feature of specialized vocabulary and the interpreting skills are very important to the instructors and the t
11、ranslators. 山东建筑大学毕业论文 6 Chapter 1 The Classification of Environment Engineering Epecialized Vocabulary Environment engineering specialized vocabulary includes technical words, sub/semi-technical words and common words. The using of technical words are just limited to some specialty; sub/semi-techni
12、cal words are transformed from common words, in addition to their own meaning, they also have other meanings in different subjects. In scientific and technical literatures, technical words are less than technical words or sub/semi-technical words. 1.1 Technical Words Technical words refer to the voc
13、abularies or glossaries which are only subject-based. Environment engineering specialized vocabulary have a series of exact and narrow words. The naissance of these words always goes with the development of chemistry, physics, biology or other relevant fields and the naissance of new concepts, new t
14、heories, new technologies or new products. For example: The word photochemical（光化学） in the phrase photochemical smog（光化学烟雾） was created by the scientist after London smog episode. This word is just used to describe a kind of pollution, we can hardly see it in common words. 1.2 Sub/semi-technical Wor
15、ds Sub/semi-technical words refer to the words which wont be confined to the context. These words frequency of appearance is always very high. These words are common 山东建筑大学毕业论文 7 words in useful expression, but have very rigorous meanings when be used in technical fields. For example: We define the
16、word aeration（曝气） the process of exposing to air (so as to purify)in daily life, but as an environment engineering specialize word, it has a very narrow meaning. It just describes the way we throw more oxygen forcibly to the liquid. 1.3 Common Words Words in scientific English literature are differe
17、nt from which in common English. In scientific English, words tend to be long and big. For example, Common words Scientific English to agree to concur to send to transmit better superior enough sufficient OK satisfactory get smaller diminish push down depress fresh hand inexperienced operator By com
18、parison we can find that common English words are shorter and often have different meanings; scientific English tend to be longer and always have singleness. In scientific English, the difference is not absolute. With the technology and society developing, some technical have been becoming common wo
19、rds, such as radio, television and so on. In the sight of rhetoric, they are written languages without emotional coloring , appraise or transferred meaning. 山东建筑大学毕业论文 8 Chapter 2 The Features of Environment Engineering Specialized Vocabulary As a tool to expatiate on scientific judgment used by res
20、earchers, the vocabularies are always very formal and exact, and have powerful function of information. So scientific English appears to a lot of unique features. 2.1 Latin or Greek Origin A majority of the specialized vocabularies are made up of or come from Greek or Latin. For example, the word ch
21、lorophyll was made up of the two Latin words: chlor and phyl; rectifier borrow recti from Latin. Based on the Stat of American scientific English expert Oscar E Nybaken, in ten thousand most common English words,46% words come from Latin and 7.2% come from Greek. This percentage will be higher when
22、the words become more specialized. So we can say that Latin and Greek morpheme is the major base of the modern scientific English and it will also be the most important origin to create new words. Latin and Greek morpheme are widely used mainly because of the idiosyncracy of Greek and Latin themselv
23、es. Above all, scientific vocabularies demand that the meanings are exactly and the form are regular. These two languages are both regular and both have the feature that the word morphologies are aptotic and the meanings are exactly. And it is just what the composing of scientific English call for.
24、Whats more important, Greek and Latin is higher all-around, they both have abundant affixes and these affixes can create many new words with different etyma. 2.2 Affixation The composing of scientific vocabularies depends on the combination of morphemes. Affixation is a very important way to compose
25、 new words and a lot of scientific words create in this way. In the scientific words which we often use, about 50 prefixes appear frequently, such as anti-, auto-, contra-, ex-, intra-, mono-, pre-, syn-, semi-, trails-, thermo-, un-, and so on; postfixes are about 30,such as -able, -al, 山东建筑大学毕业论文
26、9 -ic, -ise,-meter and so on. Because most scientific words are made up with some morphemes, we can comprehend by analogy to grip the thousands of words if we can deeply grip the meanings of the morphemes and command the over 1100 basing morphemes. For example, if we know the perfix micro, the etyma
27、 scop and the postfix ist, we can easily guess the meaning of microscopist. Even if the word is very long, we can also get the meaning if we know the basing morphemes of the word. For example, the word octamethylpy-mphe-phoramide is made up with octa-, methyl-,pyro-, phosphor and ide. 2.3 Compounds
28、and Shortening 2.3.1 Compounds Compounds are new words which are made up of two or more single words. Compounds appear more frequently than others, such as compound nouns: letter bomb, water purification system; compound verbs: airdrop, softhand; and compound adjectives. 2.3.2 Shortening The other f
29、lexible word-building of scientific English is shortening. With technology developing, the amount of shortening is bigger and bigger and has reached 100,000. The advantage of shortening is brevity and informative .Scientific shortening mainly includes: (1) Acronym, which is made up of the first lett
30、er of each word, such as maser (maser-microwave ampliffcation by stimulated emission of radiation，微波激射器 ), bradar (biologic radio detection and ranging 曲头钉 )and so on. (2) Clip-words. Several letters in the front words, which is made up out of each word,.This shortening is always used when the origi
31、nal word is very long and hard to be remembered,。 For example: bb (1aboratory 演讲 ) dir (directory 地址簿 ,电话簿 )， chem. (chemistry 化学 ) These words are usually Conventionality, so we should not create by our own mean. (3) Initials, which are roughly the same with acronyms. The only difference is that in
32、itials must be read one by one letter,. For example: HIT (Health Indication Test)健康状况测试 , BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)生化需氧量 , COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)化学需氧量 This shortening can make the long phrase short, but in different fields or rather in the same field, the initial maybe have different meanings. (4) Abbreviation shortenings are not always made up of the first letter. Some shortening jsut come from one letter and with a . in the end.
