1、 外文翻译 原文 RURAL FINANCE PROGRAM AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Material Source: http:/aede.osu.edu/programs/ruralfinance/program.htm Author:Claudio Gonzalez-Vega The Rural Finance Program at The Ohio State University (OSU) was the recipient of the American Agricultural Economics Association Distinguish
2、ed Policy Contribution Award (1989) for its ability to apply robust research results in successful policy-influencing activities. The OSU program is a recognized world leader in the analysis of rural financial markets and other finance and development questions, particularly those concerning the des
3、ign and implementation of financial reform programs, the establishment of prudential regulation and supervision frameworks, and the provision of financial services to difficult clienteles (small farmers, rural and urban microenterprises, the poor, women) in developing countries. This reputation has
4、resulted from four decades of distinguished research, publications, instruction, technical assistance, and information dissemination. Established in the early 1960s, the OSU program has been housed in the Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics. The activities of the pro
5、gram have involved several faculty members Dale Adams (Professor Emeritus and founder of the program), Claudio Gonzalez-Vega (present Program Director), Priyodorshi Banerjee, Douglas Graham, Jerry Ladman, Donald Larson, Richard Meyer, Mario Miranda, Norman Rask and Douglas Southgate, post-doctoral r
6、esearch specialists and graduate students from several parts of the world. Program researchers are completely fluent in French, Portuguese and Spanish. The program created the Devfinance discussion list in the Internet, with close to 1000 subscribing researchers and practitioners from all over the w
7、orld.Jointly with the University of Frankfurt, the program co-organized the Annual Seminar on New Development Finance for the fourth time in 2001 and it expects to organize it again in 2005.This has been a premier forum for cutting-edge debate in the field of microfinance.Also, every year OSU facult
8、y members teach at the Microfinance Training Program in Boulder and other major training centers. The program implemented the Financial Resources Management (FIRM) Project, the third in a sequence of Cooperative Agreements between OSU and the Agency for International Development (AID).In addition to
9、 core research, program activities covered Africa (The Gambia, Mozambique, Niger, Uganda, Swaziland, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Rwanda, Madagascar, South Africa, and Egypt), Asia (Bangladesh, the Philippines, Indonesia), and Latin America (Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Bolivia, El Salvador,
10、 Honduras, and Mexico). OSU also implemented a Women in Development program in Africa, the Peri-Urban Economic Growth Project in Sub-Saharan Africa, and a series of sub-sector case studies on the financing of agribusinesses. The purpose of FIRM was to increase knowledge about the role of financial r
11、esources in rural development.The OSUs research agenda encompassed three main areas:(a) the analysis of informal financial markets (particularly in rural areas) and their linkages to formal financial and other markets; (b) evaluation of the performance (outreach, sustainability, organizational desig
12、n, and operational effectiveness) of financial organizations, particularly of those serving the rural areas or small and microenterprises, and (c) investigations of macroeconomic policy, financial market restructuring and reform, and prudential regulation and supervision. The OSU program has continu
13、ed to conduct applied research through a number of projects.These efforts included participation in the Cooperative Research Support Program (CRSP) on Broadening Access and Strengthening Input Market Systems (BASIS).Gonzalez-Vega chaired the BASIS Technical Committee and was Research Program Leader
14、for Central America.There, in collaboration with Salvadoran researchers, the OSU team has investigated the interaction between financial, labor, and land markets and the implications of their performance on rural poverty and resource conservation.Panel data for rural households and for borro wers (1
15、995-2001) have been used for the analysis of income generation, risk management, migration and remittances, land uses and access to financial services. With GTZ sponsorship, the program also developed tools to evaluate changes in the poverty status of borrowers, with applications to Financiera Calpi
16、 , and it examined the lending technologies of different financial organizations. The OSU program also participated in the Microfinance Best Practices (MBP) project, sponsored by AID under the Microfinance Innovation Initiative. The program investigated the role of commercial banks in microfinance,
17、alternative models of village banking and credit unions, the weaknesses and strengths of client-owned organizations, the development of microfinance technologies, and the measurement of the poverty of the clients of microfinance organizations. The OSU program also conducted an evaluation of the cais
18、ses villageoises in Mali, for the Centre International de Developpement et de Recherche , and of the PIEC program, for World Education. Another activity of the OSU program was an investigation of the role and conditions for success of microfinance apex organizations, in collaboration with the Consul
19、tative Program to Assist the Poorest (CGAP) at The World Bank. The program conducted case studies of apex organizations in Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Honduras, India, Mexico, and Paraguay. Several members of the OSU team have also provided assistance on financial market development in t
20、ransition economies (Russia, Ukraine, Romania).Funding arrangements for small and medium enterprises were documented in Romania.In collaboration with the Asian Development Bank, the OSU program investigated the role of financial markets in rural development in Asia. Recent research and technical ass
21、istance activities have focused on the relationship between, on the one hand, deposit mobilization and lending technologies and, on the other, the inclusion or exclusion of specific client types in microfinance loan portfolios.The program has also addressed the difficulties of measuring the poverty
22、status of clients of microfinance organizations.In this connection, the program has examined the levels and sources of the costs of rural financial intermediation as well as the role of learning in addressing imperfect information and in reducing transaction costs.Components of successful lending te
23、chnologies (signaling, screening, monitoring, and contract design and enforcement) have been identified for different microfinance organizations. Elements of the lending technology have been matched to features of target clienteles and the results have been tested with surveys of loan officers and o
24、f clients of organizations in Bolivia, El Salvador, Mali and Russia. A detailed analysis of the success in outreach and sustainability of five prominent Bolivian microfinance organizations, sponsored by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, Internationale Projekt
25、 Consult (IPC) in Frankfurt, and the USAID Mission in La Paz, initiated an ambitious research agenda in Bolivia. This agenda has included an investigation of the causes and consequences of over-indebtedness of the clients of microfinance organizations. A survey of households was implemented to obtai
26、n information about household characteristics and financial experience. In Bolivia, over-indebtedness has been the result of unexpected exogenous shocks, increasing competition in the market for microfinance, regulatory failure, and opportunistic behavior as a consequence of distorted government pol
27、icies.The research has shown the patterns of debt of different types of households.The program also developed a framework for the analysis of idiosyncratic and systemic risk to provide theoretical underpinnings to this effort. Another purpose of the research agenda in Bolivia has been to generate pr
28、ofiles of clients of Pro Mujer and CRECER , two village banking programs. The OSU team conducted a survey of 450 households of clients of each of these organizations, in several parts of the country, and computed a poverty (basic needs satisfaction) index for these clients. The OSU researchers have
29、investigated the robustness of poverty measures and their potential as policy tools.A survey of the households of clients of CRECER and SARTAWI has been used to investigate the influence of participation in various types of microfinance programs on human capital formation at the household level.Posi
30、tive and negative impacts of microfinance on the schooling of children have been identified.Results from this research were reported at the Annual Meetings of the Association of Economists of Latin America and the Caribbean, in Madrid, and the Annual Meetings of the American Agricultural Economics A
31、ssociation, in Montreal. In Bolivia, OSU also collaborated with The Rural Financial Services (SEFIR/DAI) project and is currently collaborating with the PREMIER project. OSU researchers have assessed the macroeconomic crisis in Bolivia and its implications for the performance of different types of f
32、inancial intermediaries. Research has focused on the sources and consequences of systemic risk on the asset and liability performance of different financial intermediaries. One striking result has been the better performance of microfinance organizations compared to banks and cooperatives. The progr
33、am has investigated the evolution of the institutional framework for the promotion and regulation of rural financial markets. 译文 美国俄勒冈州立大学的农村金融计划 资料来源 : http:/aede.osu.edu/programs/ruralfinance/program.htm 作者： 克劳迪奥冈萨雷斯维加 俄勒冈州立大学 的农村金融计划（ OSU）授予美国农业经济协会，因其有杰出贡献研究成果（ 1989 年），其影响力是由于该研究运用能力的强大。 OSU 的方案
34、研究的是农村金融市场和其他金融发展问题，特别是分析有关公认的世界领先的方案设计和金融改革方案，建立审慎监管监督的框架，以及对发展中国家存在的困难客户群（小农民，农村和城市的小型企业，穷人，妇女）提供金融服务。这种声誉传播的十几年来，带动了四个杰出的研究：出 版，教学，技术援助和信息传播。 成立于 20 世纪 60 年代初的 OSU 的方案研究 ，已被 安置在农业，环境部和发展经济学。 该方案的活动已涉及到几个教师 戴尔亚当斯（名誉教授和计划的创办人） ， 克劳迪奥冈萨雷斯维加（项目总监） ， Priyodorshi班纳吉，道格拉斯格雷厄姆，杰里 Ladman，唐纳德拉尔森，理查德迈耶，马里奥米
35、兰达，诺曼拉斯克和道格拉斯南门 ，博士后研究专家和 来自世界一些地区的研究生。 研究人员计划是完全讲流利的西班牙语，法语，葡萄牙语。该方案建立在互联网 Devfinance 讨论清单，有近 1000 的世界 各地研究人员和从业人员订阅。 会同 法兰克福大学合办 ， 该计划方案与其共同于 2001 年举办了第四次发展金融年度研讨会，它预计在 2005 年再举办一 次。 这一直是尖端的小额信贷领域辩论的主要论坛。 此外，每年在俄勒冈州立大学任教的教师都会在博尔德小额信贷和其他主要培训中心开展培训项目。 该方案实施的金融资源管理（ FIRM）项目，三分之一都来自与 俄勒冈州立大学之间的合作协议 和
36、国际开发署的援助。 除了核心的研究，该方案活动还包括非洲（冈比亚，莫桑比克，尼日尔，乌干达，斯威士兰，加纳，布基纳法索，卢旺达，马达加斯加，南非和埃及），亚洲（孟加拉国，菲律宾，印度尼西亚）和拉丁美洲（哥斯达黎加，多米尼加共和国，厄瓜多尔，玻利维亚，萨尔瓦多，洪都拉斯和墨西哥）。俄勒冈州 立大学还实施了在非洲的妇女发展计划，在撒哈拉以南的非洲地区开展城郊经济增长项目，以及关于对农业综合企业融资分部门的案例研究。 金融资源管理项目研究 的目的是要增加 对金融资源在农村发展中起的作用。 该 OSU 的研究议程包括以下三个主要方面：（一） 非正规金融市场（特别是在农村地区）和正规的金融以及其他市场的
37、关系分析 ;（二）组织评价（外展，可持续发展，组织设计 和评估经营效能 ）的金融机构，特别是那些服务于农村或 小型、微型企业的金融机构 ；（ 三）加强 宏观经济政策，针对金融市场的结构调整和改革，开展审慎监管、监督的调查。 OSU 方案研究的继续进行，通过了一系列应用研究项目。 这些项目包括参与合作研究支持计划（ CRSP）就扩大和加强投入市场获取系统的基础。冈萨雷斯维加技术委员会主持的开展在中美洲的基础研究项目。在那里，研究人员与萨尔瓦多， OSU 团队的合作已经调查了劳动者之间的相互促进作用，包括财力、土地市场和资源保护对农村贫困影响的表现。农村家庭和借款人的数据 (1995年至 2001
38、 年 )已经被用来分析收入的增加，风险管理、移民、汇款、土地用途和接触到的金融服务。 在获得 GTZ的赞助后，该方案还开发出用来评估借款人改变贫困状况的工具；向 Calpi申请来的 Financiera，用来研究了不同金融机构的贷款技术。 该 OSU 方 案还参加了小额信贷商业银行（ MBP）的项目倡议，在其发起的援助下，进行了小额信贷的创新。该项目还调查了小额信贷商业银行的作用，以及替代各类型村镇银行和信用合作社得弱点和技术优势。以及小额信贷的发展和小额信贷机构对贫穷客户的援助。 OSU 方案还在马里进行了对 caisses villageoises 评估，以及 PIEC 方案和世界教育方案
39、。 俄勒冈州立大学的另一项活动方案是组织调查农村信贷的作用和小额贷款成功条件的合作。该协商方案用来协助世界银行以帮助最贫困人口。扶贫协商小组在墨西哥、巴拉圭、印度均开阵了进行个案研 究的顶级组织。在孟加拉国、贝宁、玻利维亚、哥斯达黎加、洪都拉斯，俄勒冈州立大学队的几名成员也协助其发展市场经济转型期的农村金融。同时也提供给了俄罗斯、乌克兰、罗马尼亚等国中小型企业的资金安排，并记录在罗马尼亚。在与亚洲开发银行的合作中，俄勒冈州立大学也计划对亚洲农村金融市场发展的起到相应的作用。 最近的研究和技术援助活动的重点是技术层面的关系：一方面，动员存款和贷款；另一方面，列出符合组合类型的小额贷款并排除不符合
40、特定要求的客户。该方案还涉及小额信贷组织在衡量客户的贫困状态时所面临的困难。在这方面，该方案 的研究水平以及成本费用均来源于农村金融的中介作用和交易的还原作用，以用来处理对不完全信息的学习和研究。组织技术层面的农村小额贷款已被组织确定为不同的小额信贷。 在拉巴斯的成功推广和可持续性，该项目开展了详细的分析，突出玻利维亚的（ IPC）的在法兰克福和美国国际开发署的小额信贷组织，组织主办的是经济合作与发展组织（经济组织项目咨询 ）在巴黎、玻利维亚的一个研究议程。该议程包括了一个 组织 调查 的小额信贷客户债台高筑的起因和后果的； 调查 一个家庭在实施相关家庭特征的金融时所获取的经验。该研究显示了不同模式下客户类型不同的债务。该计划还制定了一个框架，努力为防范系统性 金融市场风险提供理论基础分析。
