1、外文文献翻译原文“LABORCONTRACTLAW“REVIEWOFTHELOCALLEGISLATIVERESOURCESINMANYPARTSOFTHELABORCONTRACTTHESCOPEOFAPPLICATIONOFLEGISLATION,THEFIRSTCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONS,BREACHOFCONTRACTANDCOMPENSATIONPROVISIONS,FORMOFCONTRACT,THECONTRACTISINVALID,THEMAINCHANGESANDTHEIRCONSEQUENCES,CONTRACTLIFTING,JOINTLYANDSEVE
2、RALLYLIABLEFORSUCHISSUESTOMAKEUPFORTHE“LABORLAW“LESSTHAN,BUTSTILLTHEREARESOMEFLAWSTHEDEVELOPMENTOF“LABORCONTRACTLAW“,SHOULDBEABSORBEDFROMTHELOCALLABORCONTRACTREASONABLELEGISLATION,ANDTHESEISSUESFORTHEDESIGNOFACOMPLETESYSTEMTHELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMINCHINASECONOMICREFORMANDLABORREFORM,ANIMPORTANTASPECTO
3、FTHESYSTEMREFORMOFTHECOMPLEXITYANDLONGTERM,THEDECISIONONTHEREFORMPROCESSOFTHEBIRTHOFTHE“LABORLAW“1994CANNOTBEINTHELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMINDETAILTHEPROVISIONS,ONLYAUTHORIZETHELOCALGOVERNMENT“INACCORDANCEWITHTHISLAWANDTHEACTUALSITUATIONINTHEREGION,THEPROVISIONSOFTHELABORCONTRACTSYSTEM,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF
4、THESESTEPS,THESTATECOUNCILFORRECORD“THUS,MANYPROVINCESANDCITIESHAVEINTRODUCEDALABORCONTRACTRULESANDWAYSINWHICH“LABORLAW“ANDTOREFINEANDSUPPLEMENTTHEPROVISIONS,SOMEALSOBROKETHE“LABORLAW“REQUIREMENTSTHISISTHEPERIODOFTRANSITIONWHERETHESYSTEMOFINSTITUTIONALCOMPETITIONANDINNOVATIONANIMPORTANTMANIFESTATION
5、OFTHEDEVELOPMENTSHOULDBETHE“LABORCONTRACTLAW,“ANIMPORTANTLEGISLATIVERESOURCESTHISARTICLEATTEMPTSTOCOMPAREANDCOMMENTONTHEEXISTINGLOCALLABORCONTRACTLEGISLATION,WHICHTOSOMEEXTENTMAKEUPFORTHE“LABORLAW“LESSTHAN,BUTNEEDEDFURTHERREFINEMENTOFTHEISSUESFIRST,THE“LABORCONTRACTLAW,“THESCOPEOFAPPLICATIONOF“LABOR
6、LAW“INARTICLE2“INTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINASENTERPRISES,INDIVIDUALECONOMICORGANIZATIONSHEREINAFTERCOLLECTIVELYREFERREDTOTHEEMPLOYINGUNITSANDTHEFORMATIONOFLABORRELATIONSWITHWORKERS,THEAPPLICATIONOFTHISACTSTATEORGANS,BUSINESSORGANIZATIONS,SOCIALGROUPSANDTOESTABLISHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELABORCONTRACT
7、WITHWORKERS,INACCORDANCEWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHISLAW“ASARESULTOFTHELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMANDTHEEXPANSIONOFTHECOVERAGEOFTHEMAINTYPESOFEMPLOYMENTINCREASED,THELIMITATIONSOFTHISPROVISIONBECOMINGINCREASINGLYPROMINENTLEGISLATIONINMANYPARTSOFTHELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMHASMADEABREAKTHROUGHINTHESCOPEOFAPPLICATIONO
8、FTHEPROVISIONSARE1THESCOPEOFTHEEXPANSIONOFTHEMAINEMPLOYERSBEIJING,HUNAN,SHANDONGPROVINCE,ZHEJIANGPROVINCE,LOCALLEGISLATION,SUCHASPRIVATENONENTERPRISEUNITSWILLBEINCORPORATEDINTOTHEMAINSCOPEOFEMPLOYMENT2THEAPPLICATIONOFAUNIFIEDLOGO“LABORLAW“INSECTION2,PARAGRAPH1,TO“ESTABLISHAWORKINGRELATIONSHIP“,PARAG
9、RAPH2,TO“ESTABLISHARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELABORCONTRACT“ASDEFINEDINTHESCOPEOFAPPLICATIONOFTHISLAWSHALLBEASIGNOFWORKERSINSHANGHAI,ZHEJIANGPROVINCEINTHELEGISLATIVECOUNCIL,THESIGNSHAVEBEENUNIFIEDTO“ESTABLISHACONTRACTUALRELATIONSHIPORTHEFORMATIONOFLABOR“3APPLIESTOTHESAMEEXTENT“LABORLAW“INSECTION2,PARAGRA
10、PH1,THE“APPLICATIONOFTHISACT“ANDINPARAGRAPH2“INACCORDANCEWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHISACT“,MEANINGTHATTHEPROVISIONSOFPARAGRAPH1OFTHELABORRELATIONSWITHTHEPROVISIONSOFPARAGRAPH2OFTHEAPPLICATIONOFLABORRELATIONSINTHE“LABORLAW,“THEDEGREEOFDIFFERENCEINPERCEPTIONINSHANGHAI,ZHEJIANG,GUANGDONGANDOTHERPARTSOFTH
11、ELEGISLATIONONAVARIETYOFUNIFORMPROVISIONSONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELABORCONTRACTAS“THEAPPLICATIONOFTHISORDINANCETHEPROVISIONSOFWAY“,RESULTINGINTHEABOLITIONOFLABORRELATIONSINTHEDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONOFTHELABORCODEOFTHEDEGREEOFDIFFERENCE“SHENZHENSPECIALECONOMICZONELABORCONTRACTREGULATIONS“ARTICLE3OFTHE
12、“STAFF“ISDEFINEDINREFERENCETOTHEENJOYMENTOFCIVILSERVANTSORINADDITIONTOTHETREATMENTOFPERSONSOTHERTHANCIVILSERVANTSOFTHESARWITHEMPLOYERSRECRUITSTAFF,TO“EMPLOYERS“ISDEFINEDINTHESARRECRUITSTAFFWITHENTERPRISES,STATEORGANS,INSTITUTIONS,SOCIALORGANIZATIONS,INDIVIDUALECONOMICORGANIZATIONSTHISALSOSHOWSTHATTH
13、ERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEVARIOUSLABORCONTRACTS,WHEREAPPLICABLE,THEEXTENTOFTHEORDINANCEWITHOUTTHEDIFFERENCES4THEINCREASEINTHETYPEOFLABORCONTRACT“SHANGHAILABORCONTRACTREGULATIONS“CHAPTERBASEDCHAPTERVFORPARTTIMELABORCONTRACTSPECIFICALLYPROVIDEDFORTHEFIRSTTIME,PARTTIMELABORRELATIONSWILLBEINCLUDEDINTHEADJU
14、STMENTOFTHESCOPEOFLABORLAWTHESEBREAKTHROUGHS,TOACERTAINEXTENTADAPTEDTOTHEECONOMICSYSTEMREFORMANDTHENEEDTOREFORMTHELABORSYSTEMLOCALLEGISLATIONONTHELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMTODEFINETHESCOPEOFAPPLICATIONISALSOLESSTHANTHEFOLLOWING1THESCOPEOFEMPLOYMENTASDEFINEDINTHEMAINLACKOFFLEXIBILITYWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEM
15、ARKETECONOMY,NEWTYPESOFMARKETPLAYERSHAVEEMERGED,INORDERTOGIVEFULLPLAYTOTHELABORCONTRACTLAWONTHELEGALREGULATIONOFLABORRELATIONSFUNCTIONS,THEMAINSHOULDBEACORRESPONDINGEXPANSIONOFTHESCOPEOFEMPLOYMENTHOWEVER,THEEXISTINGLOCALLEGISLATIONWITHTHE“LABORLAW“ASTHEMAINTYPEOFEMPLOYMENTONLYPROVIDESACLOSEDLIST,ALT
16、HOUGHSOMELOCALLEGISLATIONTOADDA“PRIVATENONENTERPRISEUNITS“,BUTHAVENOTYETBEENABLETOUSEEMERGINGTHEMAINTYPESOFLABORCONTRACTSARECOVEREDBYTHESCOPEOFAPPLICATIONOFTHESYSTEM2APPLIESTOALACKOFINTEGRITYOFTHECHOICEOFSIGNSACCORDINGTOTHE“LABORLAW“ARTICLE19,LABORRELATIONSINWRITINGTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLABORCON
17、TRACTS,DIDNOTENTERINTOAWRITTENLABORCONTRACTTHATISNOTTOESTABLISHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELABORCONTRACTEXISTINGLOCALLEGISLATIONTO“ESTABLISHACONTRACTUALRELATIONSHIPORTHEFORMATIONOFLABOR“ASDEFINEDINTHELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMAPPLIESTOTHESCOPEOFASYMBOLOFWORKERS,WHICHWILLBETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELABORCONTRAC
18、THASNOTYETBEENESTABLISHEDWORKERSINTHELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMTOEXCLUDEFROMTHESCOPEOFAPPLICATION,ANDTHISISTHE“LABORLAW“INSECTION2,PARAGRAPH1,THEPROVISIONSOF1ANDTHE“LABORLAW“APPLIESTOTHEFACTTHATTHEPRACTICEOFLABORRELATIONSISNOTIDENTICALBASEDONTHEABOVEANALYSIS,IBELIEVETHAT“LABORCONTRACTLAW“ONTHEDEFINITIONOFT
19、HESCOPEOFAPPLICATIONSHOULDCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONS1INORDERTOENSURETHATTHE“LABORCONTRACTLAW,“THESCOPEOFAPPLICATIONOFTHESTABILITYANDADAPTABILITYSHOULDBETHEMAINTYPESOFPEOPLELISTEDASOPEN,INADDITIONTOTHATLIST,“LABORLAW“ANDTHEEXISTINGLOCALLABORCONTRACTLAWENTERPRISES,INDIVIDUALECONOMICORGANIZATIONS,PR
20、IVATENONENTERPRISEUNITS,NATIONALAGENCIES,BUSINESSORGANIZATIONS,SOCIALGROUPS,BUTALSOTOINCREASETHEPROVISIONSOF“OTHERLAWSANDREGULATIONSIDENTIFIEDINTHEMAINEMPLOYMENT“,MAKINGITEASIERFORPEOPLETOBETHEMAINNATURALPERSONS,FARMERSANDOTHEREMERGINGINTOONEOFTHEMAINEMPLOYERSNOTEINPASSINGTHATTHE“EMPLOYER“TO“USETHEM
21、AIN“SEEMSMORESCIENTIFIC2THESCOPEOFTHEWORKERS,THEPROVISION“SHOULDBESETUPTOESTABLISHLABORCONTRACTSORLABORRELATIONS,THEAPPLICATIONOFTHISLAW“3THEEXTENTAPPLICABLETOALLEMPLOYERSANDTHEIRWORKERSARETHEMAINPROVISIONSOF“THEAPPLICATIONOFTHISACT“,NOLONGERBE“INACCORDANCEWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHISLAW“REQUIREMENTS
22、ECOND,THEPARTIESENTEREDINTOLABORCONTRACTSOFTHEFIRSTPHASEOFCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONSLABORCONTRACTSFORTHEPARTIESTOCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONS,CONCERNSHAVEBEENANUMBEROFLOCALLEGISLATIONBEIJING,SHANGHAI,ZHEJIANG,SHANDONG,HUNANANDOTHERPLACESOFTHEFIRSTCONTRACTPROVIDESTHATTHEMAINOBLIGATIONSARE1REPORTTOEMPLOYERSEMPL
23、OYINGWORKERSINTHATJOBREQUIREMENTS,JOBCONTENT,WORKINGHOURS,REMUNERATION,WORKINGCONDITIONS,SOCIALINSURANCE,OCCUPATIONALHAZARDSANDTHEIRCONSEQUENCES,ANDTREATMENTOFOCCUPATIONALDISEASESPREVENTIONANDCONTROLMEASURES,REGULATIONSANDSOONHANGZHOU,ZHEJIANGPROVINCE,ANDTHELEGISLATIONALSOREQUESTEDTHATTHISDESCRIPTIO
24、NSHALLBEINWRITINGORSTATEDINTHELABORCONTRACT2ENTERINTOLABORCONTRACTS,EMPLOYERSCANNOTSEEKANYFORMOFIMPROPERBENEFITTOTHEWORKERS,WORKERSARENOTALLOWEDTOCOLLECTMORTGAGEPAYMENTS,MORTGAGE,DEPOSITOROTHERPROPERTY,WORKERSMAYBEFORCEDTORAISECAPITALINVESTMENT,ANDWORKERSMAYNOTBESEIZEDIDENTITYDOCUMENTSANDSOON3THEWOR
25、KERSHOULDREPORTTOTHEEMPLOYERTOPROVIDEMYIDCARDANDACADEMICQUALIFICATIONS,EMPLOYMENTSTATUS,WORKEXPERIENCE,VOCATIONALSKILLS,SUCHASPROOFOFHEALTHSTATUSTHEEXISTINGPROVISIONSOFLOCALLEGISLATIONTHEREAREALSOINADEQUATEMAINLYREFLECTEDIN1OFTHEFIRSTINCOMPLETECONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONS,MOSTOFTHISISLIMITEDTOTHEOBLIGATIO
26、NSOFBOTHPARTIES2DIDNOTPROVIDEFORBREACHOFCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONSTOTHELEGALRESPONSIBILITYTOPROTECTCANNOTFULFILLCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONS,THECONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONSTOBECOMEEMPTYWORDS3ISNOTCLEARLYDEFINEDTHECOURSEOFTHECONTRACTAPPLYTOTHEPRINCIPLEOFGOODFAITHISNOTCONDUCIVETOTHEJUDICIALPRACTICEOFTHEEXERCISEOFDISC
27、RETION4THELABORCONTRACTDOESNOTGUARANTEETHATTHESYSTEMCOULDBEAPPLIEDTOMAKEITCLEARTHATWHILETHEPRACTICEOFEMPLOYINGTHEMAINREQUIREMENTSOFSOMEOTHERSASTHEGUARANTOROFWORKERS5ISNOTREACHEDBETWEENTHETWOSIDESCOMMITTEDTOTHEPROVISIONSOFTHELABORCONTRACTENTEREDINTOANAGREEMENTFOREXAMPLE,THEPROCESSOFCOLLEGEGRADUATESSE
28、EKINGJOBSANDEMPLOYERSOFTHEEMPLOYMENTAGREEMENTENTEREDINTOTHEMAINBODYOFTHEBINDINGCOMBINATIONOFEXISTINGLOCALLEGISLATIONANDTHE“CONTRACTLAW“ANDTHELABORRELATIONSPROVISIONSOFTHESPECIALREQUIREMENTS,IBELIEVETHAT“LABORCONTRACTLAW“FORMULATIONSHOULDCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGISSUES1CLEARLYSTIPULATESTHEPRINCIPLEOFGOODF
29、AITHASTOWHETHERTHEBREACHOFCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONSTOTHEMEASURESTANDARDS2PROVIDESTHEFIRSTCOMPLETECONTENTOFCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONSSHOULDATLEASTINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGTHEPARTIESOBLIGATIONSUNDERTHISIMPORTANTMATTERMUTUALOBLIGATIONSOFCAREANDASSISTANCEWORKERSMAYNOTBELEAKEDTOTHEOTHERPARTYINTHECOURSEOFACONTRACTOFEM
30、PLOYMENTITISAWAREOFTHEOBLIGATIONSOFTHEMAINCOMMERCIALSECRETSEMPLOYMENTSHALLNOTINANYWAYSUBJECTTOTHEWORKERSNOTTOSEEKTHELEGITIMATEINTERESTSOFWORKERSARENOTALLOWEDTOCOLLECTMORTGAGEPAYMENTS,MORTGAGE,DEPOSITOROTHERPROPERTY,WORKERSMAYBEFORCEDTORAISECAPITALINVESTMENT,BUTALSOTHEIDENTITYCARDSOFWORKERSMAYNOTBESE
31、IZEDDOCUMENTSANDOTHEROBLIGATIONS,ASWELLASTHESAFETYANDHEALTHOFWORKERSANDOTHERINTERESTSTOGIVETHEOBLIGATIONTOPAYSPECIALATTENTIONTOITISTHEPROCESSOFWORKERSINTHEJOBAREOFTENPASSIVEANDMUSTBEINACCORDANCEWITHTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEMAINEMPLOYERSFORTHECONDUCTOFCERTAINOFITSSAFETY,HEALTH,PROPERTYANDOTHERRIGHTSANDINT
32、ERESTSINEVITABLYSUBJECTTOACERTAINEXTENTPAYPARTICULARATTENTIONTOTHEPROVISIONSOFTHEMAINOBLIGATIONSOFEMPLOYERS,JOBSEEKERSINFAVOROFPROTECTIONOFTHERIGHTSOFTHEPROCESSSUCHASJOBSEEKERSHURTINTHEINTERVIEW,IFITISNOTTHEMAINPEOPLETOFULFILLTHEOBLIGATIONTOPAYSPECIALATTENTIONTOTHERESULTOFEMPLOYINGTHEMAINRESPONSIBIL
33、ITYOFTHECORRESPONDINGLEGALRESPONSIBILITY3THELABORCONTRACTTHEPERSONALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECONTENT,THEEMPLOYINGUNITSSHALLNOTBEREQUIREDTOPROVIDEAGUARANTOROFWORKERS4THELABORCONTRACTENTEREDINTOBEFORETHECOMMITMENTTOREACHANAGREEMENTENTEREDINTOLABORCONTRACTSAREBINDINGTOBOTHPARTIES,THEMAINEMPLOYERSINBREACHO
34、FTHEAGREEMENTTORESULTINTHELOSSOFWORKERS,ITSHOULDBELIABLEINBREACHOFTHEAGREEMENTOFWORKERSCOMPENSATIONSHOULDBETHEMAINEMPLOYMENTINTHERECRUITEDDURINGTHECOSTSINCURRED5THEDESIGNOFTHEVIOLATIONOFCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONSTOTHELEGALRESPONSIBILITY“LABORCONTRACTLAW“ONTHEBREACHOFCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONSTOTHELEGALRESPO
35、NSIBILITYOFTHEDESIGNCANNOTCOMPLETELYCOPYTHE“CONTRACTLAW“,WHICHPROVIDESTHATINADDITIONTOLIABILITY,BUTALSOSHOULDBEINACCORDANCEWITHTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHELABORLAWTHERESPONSIBILITYOFTHEDESIGNOFOTHERTYPES,SUCHASEMPLOYMENTANDTHERESPONSIBILITYOFTHEMAINSUCHASADMINISTRATIVEPUNISHMENT译文劳动合同法的地方立法资源评述许多地方劳动合同立法
36、在适用范围、先合同义务、违约金和赔偿金条款、合同形式、合同无效、主体变动及其后果、合同解除、连带责任等问题上，弥补了劳动法的不足，但仍然存在一定的缺陷。制定劳动合同法，应当吸收借鉴地方劳动合同立法的合理之处，并对这些问题作完整的制度设计。实行劳动合同制度，是我国经济体制改革和劳动制度改革的重要内容。改革的复杂性和长期性，决定了诞生于改革进程中的劳动法（1994年）对劳动合同制度不可能作详尽的规定，只得授权地方政府“根据本法和本地区的实际情况，规定劳动合同制度的实施步骤，报国务院备案”。于是，许多省、市相继出台了劳动合同条例、规定、办法，使劳动法的规定得以细化和补充，有的还突破了劳动法的规定。这
37、是体制转型时期地方制度竞争和创新的重要体现，应当成为制定劳动合同法的重要立法资源。本文试图通过比较和评述已有的地方劳动合同立法，就其中在一定程度上弥补了劳动法不足，但又需要进一步完善的问题展开讨论。一、劳动合同法的适用范围劳动法第2条规定“在中华人民共和国境内的企业、个体经济组织（以下统称用人单位）和与之形成劳动关系的劳动者，适用本法。国家机关、事业组织、社会团体和与之建立劳动合同关系的劳动者，依照本法执行。”由于劳动合同制度覆盖面的扩大和用人主体类型的增多，这条规定的局限性日益凸显。许多地方立法对劳动合同制度的适用范围作出了突破性规定，主要有（1）用人主体范围的扩展。北京市、湖南省、山东省、
38、浙江省等地方的立法将民办非企业单位纳入用人主体范围。（2）适用标志的统一。劳动法第2条第1款以“建立劳动关系”，第2款以“建立劳动合同关系”，作为界定适用本法的劳动者范围的标志。而在上海市、浙江省的立法中，这种标志被统一规定为“建立或者形成劳动合同关系”。（3）适用程度的一致。劳动法第2条第1款中的“适用本法”和第2款中的“依照本法执行”，表明第1款规定的劳动关系与第2款规定的劳动关系在适用劳动法的程度上存在差别。而在上海市、浙江省、广东省等地方的立法中则对各种劳动合同关系统一规定为“适用本条例（规定、办法）”，从而取消了不同劳动关系在劳动法适用上的程度差别。深圳经济特区劳动合同条例第3条将“
39、员工”界定为除公务员或者参照享受公务员待遇的人员以外的被特区内用人单位招用的人员，将“用人单位”界定为特区内招用员工的企业、国家机关、事业单位、社会团体、个体经济组织。这也表明各种劳动合同关系在适用该条例时没有程度差别。（4）劳动合同类型的增加。上海市劳动合同条例设专章（第五章）对非全日制劳动合同作特别规定，首次将非全日制劳动关系纳入劳动法的调整范围。上述突破，在一定程度上适应了经济体制改革和劳动制度改革的需要。地方立法对劳动合同制度适用范围的界定也存在下列不足（1）用人主体范围的界定缺乏灵活性。随着市场经济的发展，新的市场主体类型纷纷出现，为了充分发挥劳动合同法对劳动关系的法律调整功能，应当
40、相应扩展用人主体范围。然而，现行地方立法同劳动法一样对用人主体类型只作封闭式列举规定，有的地方立法虽然增列了“民办非企业单位”，但仍未能将新出现的各种用人主体类型都纳入劳动合同制度的适用范围。（2）适用标志的选择缺乏完整性。依劳动法第19条规定，劳动关系即书面劳动合同关系，未签订书面劳动合同即未建立劳动合同关系。现有地方立法都以“建立或者形成劳动合同关系”作为界定劳动合同制度适用于劳动者范围的标志，这就将尚未建立劳动合同关系的劳动者排除在劳动合同制度的适用范围之外，而这同劳动法第2条第1款的规定1和劳动法适用于事实劳动关系的实践是不吻合的。基于以上分析，笔者认为劳动合同法对适用范围的界定应考虑
41、以下问题（1）为了确保劳动合同法适用范围的稳定性和适应性，应当对用人主体类型作开放式列举，即除了列举劳动法及现有地方劳动合同法所规定的企业、个体经济组织、民办非企业单位、国家机关、事业组织、社会团体外，还增加规定“法律法规确认的其它用人主体”，这样便于将自然人用人主体、农场主等新出现的用人主体纳入其中。顺带说明的是，将“用人单位”改为“用人主体”似乎更为科学。（2）在劳动者范围上，规定“建立或应当建立劳动合同关系的劳动者，适用本法。”（3）在适用程度上，对所有用人主体与其劳动者都规定“适用本法”，而不再作“依照本法执行”的规定。二、订立劳动合同阶段当事人的先合同义务对于劳动合同当事人的先合同义
42、务，许多地方立法已有关注。北京市、上海市、浙江省、山东省、湖南省等地方规定的先合同义务主要有（1）用人单位如实向劳动者说明岗位用人要求、工作内容、工作时间、劳动报酬、劳动条件、社会保险、职业危害及其后果、职业病防治措施和待遇、规章制度等情况。浙江省及杭州市的立法还要求这种说明应采用书面形式或者在劳动合同中写明。（2）订立劳动合同，用人单位不得以任何形式向劳动者牟取不正当利益，不得向劳动者收取抵押金、抵押物、定金或者其他财物，不得强迫劳动者集资入股，也不得扣押劳动者的身份证等证件。（3）劳动者应当如实向用人单位提供本人身份证和学历、就业状况、工作经历、职业技能、健康状况等证明。现行地方立法的规定
43、也存在不足。主要表现在（1）规定的先合同义务内容不完整，大多只限于双方的告知义务。（2）未规定违反先合同义务的法律责任，无法保障先合同义务的履行，使得先合同义务的规定形同虚设。（3）未明确规定在合同订立过程适用诚信原则，不利于司法实践中自由裁量权的行使。（4）未就劳动合同可否适用保证制度的问题作出明确规定，而实践中有的用人主体要求他人作为劳动者的保证人。（5）未规定双方达成的承诺订立劳动合同的协议（如高校毕业生求职过程中与用人主体签订的就业协议）的约束力。结合已有的地方立法和合同法的规定以及劳动关系的特殊要求，笔者认为劳动合同法的制定应当考虑以下问题（1）明确规定以诚信原则作为是否违反先合同义
44、务的衡量标准。（2）完整规定先合同义务的内容。至少应包括双方当事人告知重要事项的义务；相互照顾和协助的义务；劳动者不得向他方泄漏在订立合同过程中知悉的用人主体商业秘密的义务；用人主体不得以任何形式向劳动者牟取不正当利益，不得向劳动者收取抵押金、抵押物、定金或者其他财物，不得强迫劳动者集资入股，也不得扣押劳动者的身份证等证件的义务，以及就劳动者的安全和健康等权益给予特别注意的义务。需要说明的是，劳动者在求职过程中往往比较被动，必须按用人主体的要求为一定的行为，其安全、健康、财产等权益不可避免地要受一定影响。规定用人主体特别注意义务，有利于求职者求职过程中权益的保护。如求职者在面试中受到伤害，如果是用人主体未履行特别注意义务所致，用人主体应负相应的法律责任。（3）劳动合同的人身关系内容，用人单位不得要求劳动者提供保证人。（4）劳动合同订立前达成的承诺订立劳动合同的协议对双方都有约束力，用人主体违反该协议给劳动者造成损失的，应当承担赔偿责任，劳动者违反该协议则应当赔偿用人主体在招录过程中所发生的费用。（5）设计相应的违反先合同义务的法律责任。劳动合同法关于违反先合同义务的法律责任的设计不能完全照搬合同法的规定，即除赔偿责任外，还应当根据劳动法的特点设计其他责任类型，如对用人主体及其责任人的行政处罚等。
