1、新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GRE 写作电子教材1GRE 写作电子教材主讲：韦晓亮欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材Argument 部分一.Argument 的写作特点二.Argument 整体结构第一段： 开头段。主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。第五段： 结尾段。作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。因此作者在做出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。三.如何写开头段？例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折（总论）In this memo the vice president of Natures Way CN
2、W), a chain of stores selling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club
3、is more popular than ever; and (3) the citys schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.四.开头段的小宝式写法（CEF）Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspic
4、ious) evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that_. To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GRE 写作电子教材2evidence that_. In addition, he indicates that_. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance
5、, the authors argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.五.如何写正文段六.如何写结尾段七.结尾段的具体写法To sum up, this arguer fai
6、ls to substantiate its claim that_, because the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that_. Theref
7、ore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言1.Survey/Study：(1)Procedure A. Selective sample B. Quantity of the sample Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the
8、entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge_ generally. The number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only , then the results would no doubt suggest . Or if _, (1200) would account for only a little percentage, w
9、hich would renders the result of the survey meaningless.(2)Result of the surveyA. Do the statistics make any meaningfullness? B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague?攻击“无相对比值”The argument tells us that “many” (a number of ) _. However, the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of _, so this evid
10、ence is far too vague to be meaningful.攻击“无绝对数值”The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of _.C. Respondents The respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall_.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GRE 写作电子教材3(3)Who conducted the survey?The survey
11、or should be nonaligned / cross-becher.(4)When was the survey conducted? A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently he survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to
12、the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels.2.Sufficient Evidence and Necessary Condition (1)Sufficient Evidencea. The argument assumes too hastily th
13、at _will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Perhaps,_. Moreover,_.b. The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .(2)Necessary ConditionThe editors recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However, common sense infor
14、ms me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including _or _, might just as likely be the cause of B . To be specific,_. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by _ can_.3.Cause and Effect Fallacies (1) Non sequitu
15、r The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that _and the claim that_. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, _results from_.(2) Post hoc, ergo proper hoc (after this, th
16、erefore because of this)Based on the fact that _ occurred after _, the editor infers that _should be responsible for _. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that earlier development caused the later one. I might have resulted from some other events instead: _-t
17、o just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between_ and _ upon which editors the recommendation depends.(3) ConcurrenceThe argument observes a correlation between A and B , then concludes that the former is the
18、cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for A or B . For example, _. Any of these factors might lead to B . Without ruling 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GRE 写作电子教材4out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.(4) Confuse the cause an
19、d effect It is possible that the mayor has confused cause with effect respecting the recent developments in Ocean View. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the mayor has failed to account for this possibility, the claim that _ is completely unwarranted.4.Changing Scope Fallacies (1)Different concep
20、ts A threshold problem involves the definition of A . The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as B , then how C , is irrelevant to whether_. In short, without a clear definition of A , it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.(2)What is true for a member is also
21、 true for the group The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例 typify nationwide 整体情况. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况 Thus, lacking more marketing information about _ nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memos recommendation.
22、(3)Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each group member One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about _ applies equally to 个体成员， Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of po
23、ssible reasons. Perhaps _; or perhaps _ . Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that _.(4)Average5.Incomplete Thought (1)Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly In addition, the author fails to consider the possible negative impacts brought
24、about by .(2)ProfitThe author conclusion that _ is unwarranted. Profit is factor of not only revenue, but also costs. Its entirely possible that the costs of_ , or other costs associated with _, will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possible occurrence, such as unfavorab
25、le economic conditions, might prevent _ from being as profitable in the foreseeable futures as the argument predicts.6.All things remain unchanged over time(1)Past conditions remain unchanged in the present and future The author claims that _, because _ . The author assumes without justification tha
26、t 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GRE 写作电子教材5the background conditions have remained the same at different time. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B . For example, A_; however, B_. Any of these
27、scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that _(2)Present Conditions will remain unchanged into the future 7.Vague evidence 8.Analogy and comparison(1)False analogy The arguers recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the ass
28、umption that _ in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that A 与 B 存在很大的不同. In short, without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A_ . (2)Incomplete or selective comparison(3)Comparison a
29、nd Variation 9.False dilemma Even assuming A is not the reason for the B , the author falsely assumes that the B must be attributable to C. This “either-or ” argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B . For example, perhaps 其他可能原因, or perhaps 其他可能原因10.Unwarranted Assump
30、tion The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that _. However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. For example, it is most likely that _. Therefore, the argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.11. Hasty generalizationIn addition, the argue
31、r commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if A , it does not follow that B . It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to B. For instance, _ . Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning B. Without ruling out these and other possible factors that
32、 give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that _.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GRE 写作电子教材6写作必背单词和短语1. counterproductive adj.产生相反效果（结果）的e.g. It is counterproductive to be too tough: it just makes the staff resentful.2. seminal adj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的e.g. in the seminal state （在萌芽状态）| seminal though
33、ts | seminal principle（基本原则）3. forgo v.放弃 e.g.The choice to forgo his security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequence.4. intuition n.直觉 e.g.I will trust my strong intuition that free will is an essential part of our being as humans.5. satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的；为寻找正当理由e.g. In
34、the final analysis, government cannot philosophically satisfy assisting large cities for the purpose of either promoting or preserving the nations cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary toward these ends.6. resort to 诉诸e.g.there is no necessity to resort to violent actions such
35、as demonstration, riot or rebel.7. hinge on 以为转移，靠转动e.g. The claim that societys destiny hinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best.8. lend some credence to 提供支持e.g. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to thi
36、s position, by suggesting that these determining physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup.9. dimension n.大小；体积；程度；范围e.g. I did not realize the dimensions of the problem.10. amount to 相当于；等于e.g. What you say amounts to a direct accusation.11. inspire v.激励或鼓舞e.g. To begin with, learni
37、ng about key historical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves - far more so than learning about the conditions of groups of people.12. provide necessary impetus for 给与动力e.g. It is almost always a key individual who provide the necessary imputes for what otherwise might be a group eff
38、ort, as discussed below.13. paradigm n.样式；典范；范例 e.g. educational paradigms14. obscure v.使阴暗；使朦胧e.g. Generally speaking, then, undue attention to the efforts and contributions of 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GRE 写作电子教材7various groups tends to obscure the cause and effect relationship with which the study of his
39、tory is chiefly concerned.15. nascent adj.初生的 e.g.in a nascent condition/stage/state | a nascent industry/ literature/art16. irrespective of whether 无论如何e.g. While we must invest in research irrespective of whether the results might be controversial.17. draw a distinction between 区分e.g.One useful ap
40、proach is to draw a distinction between personal morality and public morality.18. catalyst n.催化剂；刺激因素e.g. circumstance often serves as a catalyst for heroism.19. proviso n.限制性条款；（附带）条件e.g. Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speakers claim. 20. proceeding
41、 n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报 e.g. legal proceeding | governmental proceedings21. thwart v.反对；妨碍；挫败e.g. the governments strategies for thwarting specific plans of an international terrorist or a drug trafficker.22. unprecedented adj.空前的，史无前例的 e.g.the society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented.2
42、3. inexorable adj. 不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的 e.g.Facts are inexorable | the inexorable march of science24. take precedence over 居先于; 优先于e.g. This interest might take precedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in the way of a parking structure.25. serve as a substitute for 取代be superced
43、ed by 代替；取代 e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options.26. emerge from 源自于：（in every age and culture some worthwhile art and literature emerges from the mediocrity.）27. 名人notable figurescelebrityelitepersonality （tel
44、evision personalities）28. 普遍；普及prevailing adj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的 （ the prevailing view in Western corporate culture | prevailing principle）29. 灌输；教育instill v. （Courtesy must be instilled in childhood | Morality may be instilled into their minds）inculcate v. （ inculcate the young with a sense of duty.）impa
45、rt v. （A good teacher imparts wisdom to his pupils.）新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GRE 写作电子教材8foster v.养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励（Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities. | detect and foster artistic talent. | to foster an interest in music）nurture v.养育, 给与营养物, 教
46、养 （While the speaker might overlook the benefits of nurturing certain emotions and feels, on balance I agree that ）30. 若干重；若干刃a double-edged sword 双刃剑e.g. This type of advertisement can be a doubt-edged sword, when the product does not make the person “be like” the person in the advertisement, there
47、 can be disappointment and disillusionment with the product.a two-edged weapon 双重武器e.g. As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.twofold/threefold/manifold adj.双重/三重/多种e.g. We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen is this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.e.g. T
