1、1本科毕业论文外文原文外文题目CLUSTERCOMPETITIVENESSTHESIXNEGATIVEFORCES出处JOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENTVOL15,NO1,2009作者JOSEPHINECHINYINGLANG原文CLUSTERCOMPETITIVENESSTHESIXNEGATIVEFORCESJOSEPHINECHINYINGLANGABSTRACTREGIONALCLUSTERSHAVEGAINEDGREATPOPULARITYWITHINTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENTAGENCIES,LOCALAUTHORITIES,PLANNE
2、RS,ANDCORPORATESTRATEGISTS,ASAMEANSOFACHIEVINGGREATERCOMPETITIVENESSANDECONOMICGROWTHACONSIDERABLEBODYOFWORKHASRENDEREDSTRONGTHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALSUPPORTTOTHECLUSTERAPPROACHANDGOVERNMENTSHAVEPOUREDINENORMOUSAMOUNTSOFFUNDSTOPROMOTEANDFACILITATECLUSTERSTRATEGIESYET,NOTALLCLUSTERSARESUSTAINABLETHISPA
3、PERPULLSTOGETHERINSIGHTSFROMKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENT,STRATEGICMANAGEMENTASWELLASSOCIALNETWORK,SOCIALIDENTITY,ANDSOCIALEXCHANGETHEORIESTOPROVIDEACOMPREHENSIVEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESOCIOPOLITICALDYNAMICSOFCLUSTERSSPECIFICALLY,ITISARGUEDTHATTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFREGIONALCLUSTERSCANBECOMPROMISEDBYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFA
4、HOMOGENEOUSMACROCULTURE,SOCIALIDENTITYDISCREPANT,POWERIMBALANCE,MARKETRATIONALIZATION,LACKOFUNTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESANDOVERWHELMINGNEGATIVEEXTERNALITIES1INTRODUCTIONREGIONALCLUSTERSHAVEBEENTOUTEDASAWAYOFACHIEVINGGROWTHTHROUGHINCREASEDOPERATIONALEFFICIENCY,FASTERINNOVATIONSANDMORESUCCESSFULENTREPREN
5、EURIALSTARTUPSMANYCASESTUDIESSHOWTHATCLUSTERINGENHANCESCOMPETITIVENESSBECAUSEOFCOLLECTIVEEFFICIENCYANDCOHESIVENETWORKRELATIONSHIPSTHATDEVELOPTHEAGGLOMERATIONLITERATUREGENERALLYUNDERSCORESPOSITIVECLUSTERDYNAMICSTHATGENERATEPOSITIVESELFREINFORCINGFEEDBACKLOOPS,2LEADINGTOFURTHERGROWTHANDHIGHERPROFITABI
6、LITYASSUCH,MANYGOVERNMENTSTRYTOPROMOTETHEDEVELOPMENTOFREGIONALCLUSTERSBYOFFERINGTAXBENEFITS,FINANCIALINCENTIVES,ANDINFRASTRUCTURALFACILITIESTOENCOURAGEFOREIGNMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSANDENTREPRENEURIALFIRMSTORELOCATEINFAVOROFTHEIRCLUSTERSSPATIALCOMPETITIVENESSISTHEABILITYOFAREGIONALECONOMYTONOTONLYA
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8、SSUCHASWAGEFLEXIBILITYANDEXCHANGERATEFAVORABILITYASSUCH,THECOMPETITIVENESSOFREGIONALECONOMIESMAYCHANGEOVERTIMETOENSURESUSTAINABLEINFLOWOFRESOURCES,CLUSTERSCOMPETEWITHONEANOTHERTOATTRACTFINANCE,ENTREPRENEURIALTALENTANDMANAGERIALCAPABILITIESBYDEVELOPINGCLUSTERSPECIFICKNOWLEDGEASSETS,CREATINGSUPERIORMA
9、RKETVALUE,OFFERINGPROMISINGINNOVATIVECAPABILITY,ANDPROVIDINGUPTODATEINFRASTRUCTURECLUSTERSDONOTSTANDINSPLENDIDISOLATIONRATHER,THEYAREPITCHEDAGAINSTONEANOTHERBYDYNAMICCOMPETITIVEFORCESINANONGOINGBATTLEFORSCARCERESOURCESREGIONALECONOMIESTHATFACECOMPETITIVEORCOMPARATIVEDISADVANTAGESMAYBECOMETRAPPEDIN“S
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11、AYFOLLOWONTHEHEELSOFPHENOMENALGROWTHINEUROPE,THECLUSTEROFCLOSELYLINKEDSPECIALIZEDSWISSWATCHPRODUCERSANDTHATOFIRONANDSTEELPRODUCERSINTHERUHRREGIONOFGERMANY,ALSOADAPTEDPOORLYTOEXTERNALTECHNOLOGICALCHANGESANDOVERLOOKEDNEWMARKETOPPORTUNITIESWHILEMOSTSTUDIESEMPHASIZEHOWPOSITIVEINTRACLUSTERDYNAMICSENHANCE
12、THECOMPETITIVENESSOFFIRMSLOCATEDTHEREIN,NOTENOUGHATTENTIONHASBEENGIVENTODYSFUNCTIONALCLUSTERDYNAMICSWHICHMAYJEOPARDIZECLUSTERCOMPETITIVENESSTHATIS,MUCHOFTHELITERATURETENDSTO“IGNOREBROADER,NONOUTPUTRELATEDMODALITIESOFREGIONALCOMPETITIONWHICHMAYTENDTOHAVERATHERMORENEGATIVETHANPOSITIVECONNOTATIONS”I3AT
13、TEMPTTOFILLTHISVOIDBYEXAMININGTHEFORCESATWORKTHATCOULDNEGATIVELYIMPACTTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFCLUSTERSISUGGESTATHEORETICALFRAMEWORKINWHICHSIXNEGATIVEFORCESGENERATESELFREINFORCINGFEEDBACKLOOPSWHICHMAYLEADTODECLININGCOMPETITIVENESSTHESIXFORCESARE1AHOMOGENEOUSMACROCULTURE,2ANEGATIVEIDENTITYDISCREPANT,3ANIN
14、TRACLUSTERPOWERIMBALANCE,4THEINTRODUCTIONOFNEWMARKETRATIONALITIES,5THELACKOFUNTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIES,AND6THEPRESENCEOFNEGATIVEEXTERNALITIESFIGURE1ATHEORETICALFRAMEWORKONTHETHREATSTOCLUSTERCOMPETITIVENESSIDEFINETHEKEYCONCEPTSUSEDBELOWASFOLLOWSFIRST,HOMOGENEOUSMACROCULTUREISTHEEXISTENCEOFCOMMONMENTAL
15、MODELS,SHAREDPOOLSOFKNOWLEDGE,ANDACCEPTEDSETSOFCOMPETITIVEBEHAVIORALNORMSTHATBINDCLUSTERFIRMSTOGETHERASACOLLECTIVEENTITYSECOND,SOCIALIDENTITYDISCREPANTISTHEUNDESIRABLEGAPBETWEENACLUSTERSIDENTITYWHENITISSEENASBEINGLESSATTRACTIVEANDTHATOFCOMPETINGCLUSTERSTHIRD,POWERIMBALANCEISASTATEOFUNEQUALRESOURCEDE
16、PENDENCEFOURTH,MARKETRATIONALIZATIONOCCURSWHENNOVELMARKETRATIONALITIESGENERATENEWCOMPETITIVEDYNAMICSBYCHANGINGTHERULESOFCOMPETITIONOREVENBYTRANSFORMINGAMARKETSORGANIZINGLOGICFIFTH,UNTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESAREINFORMALEXCHANGESOFINFORMATIONINTHEFORMOFKNOWLEDGEORTECHNOLOGICALSPILLOVERSTHATARENOTREGULAT
17、EDBYCONTRACTSSIGNEDORTRANSACTIONSNEGOTIATEDFINALLY,NEGATIVEEXTERNALITIESARETHEADVERSEIMPACTSOFCONGESTION,UNDERCONCENTRATIONANDLACKOFINTRACLUSTERRIVALRY4THISPAPERISORGANIZEDINTOTHREEMAJORSECTIONSSECTION2PROVIDESAQUICKOVERVIEWOFTHELITERATUREONREGIONALCLUSTERS,FOCUSINGONTHEPOSITIVEFORCESOFCLUSTERINGSEC
18、TION3DISCUSSESTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKPRESENTEDINFIGURE1ANDARGUESTHATSIXNEGATIVEFORCESMAYCOUNTERTHEPOSITIVEFORCESLEADINGTODECLININGCOMPETITIVENESSOFCLUSTERSINTHEFINALSECTION,IWILLEXPLORETHEPRACTICALANDRESEARCHIMPLICATIONSOFTHESIXNEGATIVEFORCES2DISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSIONMANYCOUNTRIESCOMPETETOATTRACTDOMINA
19、NTFIRMSTOSPEARHEADTHEDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMICCLUSTERSWITHINTHEIRBORDERSSOMEHAVESUCCEEDEDININFLUENCINGTHELOCATIONANDSPATIALDISTRIBUTIONOFECONOMICACTIVITIESTOTHEIRBENEFITTHROUGHAVARIETYOFPOLICYINSTRUMENTSSUCHASSUBSIDIESANDTHEPROVISIONOFFREETRADEZONES,INDUSTRIALESTATES,ANDTRANSSHIPMENTFACILITIESBUTSUCHCON
20、VENTIONALINCENTIVESMAYNOLONGERSUFFICENEWSETSOFEXPECTATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWMARKETRATIONALITIESCANINFLUENCELOCATIONDECISIONSNOVELCONSIDERATIONSMAYINCLUDETHEPROTECTIONFROMTERRORISTTHREATS,PROTECTIONOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS,THELOCALCAPACITYTOINNOVATE,ANDEVENCLEANAIRIHAVEARGUEDTHATSIXN
21、EGATIVEFORCESCANBEATWORKTOTHREATENTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFREGIONALCLUSTERSIFCLUSTERINGLEADSTOINSULARCOMPETITIVEPRACTICESTHATREDUCETHECAPABILITYOFFIRMSTORESPONDSWIFTLYTOGLOBALTECHNOLOGICALCHALLENGES,THECLUSTERCANBECOMELESSATTRACTIVEASADESTINATIONFORFUTUREAGGLOMERATIONINFACT,IFOTHERCLUSTERSBECOMEMOREATTRA
22、CTIVE,THISWILLCAUSEANACCUMULATIONOFIDENTITYDISCREPANTCUESTHATARELARGEENOUGHTOTRIGGERARELOCATIONBYCLUSTERFIRMSWORSESTILL,RAPIDDISINTEGRATIONMAYOCCURWHENPOWERFULANCHORFIRMSCHOOSETORELOCATENOTALLFIRMSBENEFITFROMAGGLOMERATIONMERESPATIALPROXIMITYISNOTSUFFICIENTFORGENERATINGUNTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESINSTEA
23、D,THEOVERCONCENTRATIONOFFIRMSANDTHEABSENCEOFINNOVATIVEANDCOMPETITIVECLUSTERDYNAMICSMAYNEGATIVELYIMPACTTHEECONOMICANDTECHNOLOGICALPERFORMANCEOFCLUSTERFIRMSTHEINTRODUCTIONOFNEWBUSINESSMODELSANDORGANIZINGLOGICSCANDESTABILIZEEXISTINGCLUSTERSNEWCLUSTERCONFIGURATIONSMAYEVENBECRITICALFORFIRMSTOREMAINCOMPET
24、ITIVEGOVERNMENTPOLICYMAKERSMUSTUNDERSTANDANDMANAGECLUSTERDYNAMICSTHROUGHOUTTHELIFECYCLETOMITIGATETHESESIXFORCESTOFORESTALLCLUSTERDISINTEGRATIONANDDECLINECLEARLY,THEREISNOONESIZEFITSALLAPPROACHTHATWILLENSURECLUSTERSURVIVALDIFFERENTCLUSTERSHAVEDIFFERENTNETWORKSTRUCTURES,INTERFIRMPOWERDYNAMICS,ORGANIZI
25、NGPRINCIPLES,5ANDDEVELOPMENTTRAJECTORIESASSUCH,DIFFERENTPOLICYINSTRUMENTSSHOULDBECREATEDTOADDRESSDIFFERENTCLUSTERSPECIFICWEAKNESSESWHILETHECHANCESOFSURVIVALINCREASEWITHTHEACCUMULATIONOFPOSITIVEKNOWLEDGEANDSCALEEXTERNALITIESINTHECLUSTER,THEREMAYBECOUNTERACTINGFORCESFROMOVERCROWDINGANDFROMTECHNOLOGIES
26、LOCKINGINPATHDEPENDENCIESTOAVOIDTHESETRAPS,GOVERNMENTSMAYHELPCONDUCTEXTRACLUSTERSURVEILLANCETOMONITORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWKNOWLEDGEINFOREIGNCLUSTERSTHEYMAYALSOHELPTOSTRENGTHENINTERCALATETIESTOENABLETHETRANSFEROFSTRATEGICKNOWLEDGEGOVERNMENTSSHOULDCONSIDERSUBSIDIZINGINVESTMENTSINEMERGINGALTERNATETECHNOL
27、OGIESANDFACILITATETHEDIVERSIFICATIONOFTHEBASESOFFIRMSIFTHEREARESTEPSTHEYCANTAKETOMITIGATETHEUNDESIRABLEIMPACTSOFNEGATIVEEXTERNALITIES,GOVERNMENTSMUSTALSOHELPOUTINTHISREGARDGOVERNMENTSMAYENCOURAGEGREATERINTRACLUSTERCOOPERATIONBYFACILITATINGTHEFORMATIONOFHORIZONTALANDVERTICALLINKAGESFORJOINTACTIONANDC
28、OLLECTIVEEFFICIENCYSINCECOMPLEX,AMBIGUOUSKNOWLEDGEISDIFFICULTTOTRANSFERBYWEAKINTRACLUSTERTIES,POLICYMAKERSMAYNEEDTOFACILITATEANDPROMOTEGREATERFORMALANDINFORMALKNOWLEDGEEXCHANGEAMONGCLUSTERFIRMSTHISWILLALSOSTIMULATETHEEMERGENCEOFASHAREDKNOWLEDGETHATCANBEATTRACTIVEENOUGHTODISCOURAGEDEFECTIONAHOMOGENEO
29、USMACROCULTURETHATBLINDSCLUSTERFIRMSTOEXTRACLUSTERDEVELOPMENTSWOULDBEABIGNEGATIVEINTHISREGARD,THEREAREVALUABLELESSONSTOBELEARNEDFROMTHEMOBILETELECOMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENTCLUSTERATXINGWANGINDUSTRIALPARKINBEIJINGTHENOKIACAPITEL,THEDOMINANTFIRM,AND30MAJORSUPPLIERSARELOCATEDTHERETHERELATIVELYHOMOGENEOUSNAT
30、UREOFTHISCLUSTERMADETHEDEVELOPMENTOFHOMOGENEOUSMACROCULTUREHIGHLYPROBABLERECOGNIZINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFEXTERNALLINKAGESINKEEPINGSUPPLIERSUPTOSPEEDWITHLATESTDEVELOPMENTSELSEWHERE,NOKIACAPITELREQUESTEDITSSUPPLIERSTOHAVEUPTO60OFTHEIRNETSALESTOEXTERNALCUSTOMERSOVERAREASONABLEPERIODOFTIMETHATPOLICYHASNOTONLY
31、PREVENTEDTHEOVERDEPENDENCEOFSUPPLIERSONNOKIACAPITELBUTHASALSOENSUREDCONSTANTSURVEILLANCEOFEXTRACLUSTERCOMPETITIONANDACCESSTOEXTRACLUSTERKNOWLEDGEOVERALL,POLICYMAKERSMUSTBEMINDFULOFTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENPRACTICESATTHEFIRM,NETWORK,ANDCLUSTERLEVELBECAUSEDECISIONSMADEATFIRMLEVELMAYBENEFITTHEFIRMCONCERNED
32、BUTCOULDJEOPARDIZETHECLUSTERSOVERALLCOMPETITIVENESSPOLICYMAKERSALSO6NEEDTODECIPHERWHETHERTHELEVELOFFIRMCONCENTRATIONINACLUSTERISBELOWTHECRITICALTHRESHOLDLEVELNEEDEDTOENJOYEFFICIENCYGAINSORABOVETHETHRESHOLDWHERENEGATIVERETURNSSETININCENTIVESCOULDBEDESIGNEDTOPROMOTEAGGLOMERATIONATASPECIFICSITEORENCOUR
33、AGEDISPERSIONTOALTERNATESITESOFCOURSE,THECRUCIALQUESTIONISHOWTOIDENTIFYTHESETHRESHOLDSUNFORTUNATELY,DESPITEMANYSTUDIESONREGIONALAGGLOMERATION,NOTENOUGHHASBEENLEARNEDABOUTCLUSTERSATTHEIRDIFFERENTSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTTOANSWERTHISQUESTIONALOTMOREWORKNEEDSTOBEDONETHEREISALSOANEEDTOSTUDYEMPIRICALLYHOWCOMPE
34、TITIONIMPACTSCLUSTERCOMPOSITION,HOWROLESPLAYEDBYDIFFERENTFIRMSANDINSTITUTIONSIMPACTCLUSTERSUSTAINABILITY,ANDHOWINTRACLUSTERVARIABILITYIMPACTSITSADAPTABILITYANDCOMPETITIVENESSMATHEMATICALMODELINGCOULDPROVIDEGREATERQUANTITATIVEPRECISIONINDELINEATINGTHEDYNAMICINTERPLAYOFVARIOUSPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEFORCES
35、ATDIFFERENTLIFECYCLESTAGESTHETASKMAYBEARDUOUS,BUTTHEREWARDSWILLBEBOUNTIFUL7本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目CLUSTERCOMPETITIVENESSTHESIXNEGATIVEFORCES出处JOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENTVOL15,NO1,2009作者JOSEPHINECHINYINGLANG译文集群竞争力六种消极力量JOSEPHINECHINYINGLANG摘要区域集群在国际发展机构、地方当局、规划者和公司战略家中已经取得了巨大的知名度，它已经作为实现更大竞争力和经济增长的一种手段。现在
36、已经有相当大一部分的工作为区域集群提供了强有力的理论和实证的支持，并且政府也倾注了巨大数额的资金来促进和推动集群战略。然而，并不是所有的集群都是可持续的。本文把知识管理、战略管理、社会网络、社会身份和社会交换理论这几方面的见解联结在一起，来对群聚的社会政治动态提供全面的了解。具体来说，目前有争论的是区域集群竞争力可能会受到同质宏观文化的发展、社会身份不符、权力失衡、市场合理化、非贸易相互依存关系的缺乏和负外部性的存在等六方面因素的制约。一、引言区域集群通过增加运营效率，更快的创新和更成功的企业家创新创业等，已被吹捧为一种实现经济增长的方式。许多个案研究表明集群增强了竞争力，因为集体更有效率以及
37、凝聚力的网络关系的发展。文学的凝聚力普遍强调了积极的集群动态和由此产生的积极的自我强化的反馈循环，从而导致进一步的增长和较高的盈利能力。因此，许多政府试图促进区域集群的发展，通过提供税收优惠，财政奖励和基建设施来鼓励外国跨国公司和创业型企业搬迁至集群内。空间竞争力是区域经济的能力，不仅能吸引和保持稳定的商业企业以维持或增加市场份额，而且还可以维持或提高其居民的生活标准。区域经济在彼此之间依靠他们的竞争优势进行竞争，例如卓越的技术优势，国家的先进的基础设施和体制资本；或者利用比较优势进行竞争，例如工资的灵活性和汇率的相对优势。因此，区域经济竞争力可能随着时间的推移而变化。8为确保资源的可持续流入
38、，集群通过开发集群特有的知识资产，创造优越的市场价值，提供有前途的创新能力以及最新的基础设施等措施彼此竞争以吸引资金、创业人才和管理能力。集群不是站在与世隔绝的状态下。相反，它们是在彼此对立的尖锐动态的战斗中对稀缺资源的持续竞争。面对竞争或比较劣势，当集群内的公司发现越来越难以进入出口市场，区域经济体可能正陷入“螺旋形的相对下降”。我们知道了两个著名的集群衰退经验即在马萨诸塞州波士顿128号公路的小型机集群和在明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯大型机集群。他们说明了如何快速下降的经济破坏可能遵循的显著增长。在欧洲，紧密相连的瑞士专业手表生产商集群和在德国鲁尔区的钢铁生产商集群，也对外部技术的变化适应效果不
39、佳从而忽略了新的市场机会。虽然大多数研究强调积极的集群内动态如何提高位于其中的企业竞争力，而对于集群的动态功能失调没有引起足够的重视可能会危及集群的竞争力。也就是说，多数文献往往会“忽略区域推广和非产出有关模式的区域竞争，其负面的影响往往多于正面的内涵”。我试图通过研究实际影响集群竞争力影响因素来填补这个空白，因其可能对集群竞争力产生负面影响。我建立了一个理论框架，其中六种消极力量产生自我加强的反馈循环，而这可能导致竞争力的下降。这六种力量是（1）同质的宏观文化（2）社会身份不符（3）集群内权力失衡（4）引入新的市场合理性（5）非贸易的相互依赖性的缺乏（6）负外部性的存在。我定义了如下关键概念
40、的使用第一，同质的宏观文化是普遍心理的存在方式，知识的共享池，并接受集群的竞争行为规范，从而使得集群企业结合在一起作为一个集体实体。第二，在集群的企业之间，社会身份不符是不可取的差距，它被看作是缺乏吸引力的集群竞争。第三，权力不平衡是一种不平等的资源依赖状态。第四，通过改变竞争规则或者甚至转化市场的组织逻辑，当新的市场合理性产生新的竞争动力时，市场合理化就出现了。第五，非贸易的相互依赖是非正式的交流，尤其在在知识或技术外溢形式上不受监管地签订合同或交易磋商。最后，负外部性是拥塞，对集群内的竞争产生不利影响。9同质的宏观文化社会身份不符权力失衡市场合理化非贸易相互依赖性的缺乏负外部性区域集群竞争
41、力下降图1对集群竞争力不利因素的理论框架本文分为三个主要部分。第二部分在快速浏览大量有关集群文献的综述中重点介绍了对于集群的有利因素。第三部分讨论图1的理论框架，并富有争议的提出六种消极力量的影响可能超过积极力量的影响从而导致集群竞争力的下降。在最后一部分，我将揭露实际研究中六种消极力量的作用。二、讨论与结论许多国家竞相吸引主导企业带头在其境内的经济集群。有些人通过各种政策手段如补贴、自由贸易区的规定、工业区、转运设施等，成功地影响了利益格局、地理位置和经济活动的空间分布。但是，这种传统的激励措施可能不再足够。伴随着新的市场合理性而出现的新的期望可能会影响选址决策。新型考虑可能包括从恐怖主义威
42、胁，知识产权保护，当地的创新能力，甚至清新的空气。我一直辩证地认为六种消极力量在工作中可能会威胁到区域集群的竞争力。如果集群导致狭隘的竞争行为使得企业降低对全球技术挑战迅速做出反应的能力，作为未来块状经济的目标，集群可能不再变得那么有吸引力。事实上，如果其他集群变得更有吸引力，这将导致身份不符线索的积累，大到足以引发集群企业重新搬迁。更糟的是，当强大的领头羊企业选择重新迁址的时候，迅速的瓦解可能会出现。并非所有的企业从集聚中受益。单纯的空间距离是不足以产生非贸易相互依赖性的。相反，企业过度集中、创新和集群动态竞争的缺乏可能会对集群企业的经济和技术性能产生负面影响。引进新的商业模式和组织逻辑可能
43、破坏现有的集群。甚至新的集群配置可能对企业保持竞争力具有至关重要的作用。政府的政策制定者必须认识和管理集群动态在整个生命周期如何减轻这六力，以预防集群解体与衰亡。显然，没有一个放之四海而皆准的办法来确保所有集群的生存。10不同的集群有不同的网络结构、公司间权力的动态变衡、组织原则和发展轨迹。因此，不同的政策工具应创建以满足不同的集群特有的弱点。而随着知识的积极积累和集群内的规模外在因素的影响使得集群的生存机会增加，有可能是从技术的路径依赖锁定的。为了避免这些陷阱，各国政府可能协助进行集群外监视，来监测国外集群新知识的发展。他们可能还有助于加强集群间的联系，使战略性知识可以转移。各国政府应考虑资
44、助新兴的替代技术方面的投资和便利多样化的基地公司。如果他们可以采取一些步骤，以减轻负外部性的不良影响，政府也必须在这方面帮忙。各国政府可以通过横向和纵向联系形成的联合行动和集体效率这一形式鼓励更大的集群内的合作。由于复杂的、模糊的知识很难被关系较弱的集群内转移，政策制定者可能需要更多的促进和推动正式和非正式的集群企业间知识的交流。这也将刺激的共享知识的出现，可以对劝阻叛逃有足够的吸引力。同质的宏观文化阻挡了集群内的企业向集群外发展，这将是一个很大的负面影响。在这方面，从北京的兴旺产业园区的移动通信设备集群这一案例中我们要吸取宝贵的教训。诺基亚，占主导地位的公司，和30家主要供应商设在那里。这个
45、集群内相对同质的性质对同质宏观文化的发展构建极有可能。认识到保持供应商最新的发展信息对外联系的重要性，诺基亚首信要求其供应商在一段合理的时间内有多达60的净销售给予外部客户。这一政策不仅防止了供应商过分依赖诺基亚首信，而且还保证了对外部集群竞争力和外部集群知识的逾越的持续监察。总体而言，政策制定者必须铭记公司实践、网络和集群水平之间的区别，因为在企业层面作出的决定可能有利于公司，但可能危及集群的整体竞争力。政策制定者还需要破译集群内公司的集中程度是否低于临界值而需要提高效率或高于临界值而使得负面影响流入。奖励措施可以设计成在特定的站点来推动块状集聚或者鼓励分散集聚到备用站点。当然，关键的问题是如何识别这些临界值。不幸的是，尽管已经有许多对区域集聚的研究，但是在集群发展的不同阶段来回答这个问题还没有足够的了解。我们还有很多工作需要做。从经验角度研究竞争力是如何影响集群的组成，角色如何在不同的公司和机构中影响集群的可持续发展，以及集群内的变化如何影响其适应性和竞争力还是有必要的。数学建模可以在划分不同的各种积极和消极力量的动态相互作用生命周期阶段提供更大的定量精度。该任务可能是艰巨的，但回报将是丰富的。
