1、1点击常设考点 掌握命题方向专题导航 定语从句一直是英语学习的重点,也是高考常考的语法点。虽然涉及定语从句的条目林林总总,但从题目的设置来看,总带有一定的普遍现象,即一些经常遇到的且学生必须掌握的知识,在试题中反复出现。为便于同学们学习掌握,笔者扼要地对它的几种考查点进行了归纳和解析,以期对大家有所启迪。 考点一:which 和 as 引导的非限制性定语从句是高考设题的热点 1.which 常用来指代前面的名词或整个句子的内容,一般情况下,用逗号把它与先行词隔开。整个主句作为先行词时,从句的谓语动词要用第三人称单数。 【典例 1】It is the third time that she ha
2、s won the race, has surprised us all. (2012 年陕西卷) A. thatB. where C. whichD. what 解析:C。句意:这是第三次了,她赢得了这场比赛,这使我们大家感到惊讶。所填词前有逗号,是非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句,关系词在从句中作主语,故选 C。 【典例 2】That evening, I will tell you more about later, I picked up my friend at the airport. 2A. thatB. which C. whatD. when 解析:B。句意:那天晚上,关于
3、它以后我会告诉你更多,我去飞机场接朋友去了。which 引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的 That evening。 2.as 可以替代 which 的用法,且 as 还有下列用法:as 从句可放到主句前面,当从句的谓语动词是 be announced/expected/known/reported/said/imagined/shown 等被动形式或 usually happened/be often the case 等表示主句习惯性或司空见惯之意时。 【典例 1】A lot of language learning,has been discovered, is happening in
4、 the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. (2012 年安徽卷) A. asB. it C. whichD. this 解析:A。句意:已经发现,很多语言学习发生在人生的第一年,所以父母应该给那段时期的孩子多讲话。在非限制性定语从句中,先行词是 A lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life,关系代词指整个一句话,引导词用 as,在从句中作主语。 【典例 2】The wat
5、er quality in the lake,is shown in the report, has improved over the past two years. (2012 年福建卷) A. thatB. it 3C. asD. what 解析:C。句意:正如报告中显示的,湖里水的质量在过去的两年里得到了改善。as 引导非限制性定语从句,意为“正如在报告中所写的那样” ,指代整个主句。 考点二: “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是高考设题的重点 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,即把从句中的某一介词或介词短语提到关系代词前。 1.简单介词+关系代词 用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用 w
6、hom, 指物时只能用 which;介词选择的依据主要是根据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配而定;或者以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定;或者以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定。但是,某些含有介词的短语动词不能拆开,介词仍然放在动词之后。 【典例 1】Care of the soul is a gradual processeven the small details of life should be considered. (2012 年湖南卷) A. whatB. in what C. whichD. in which 解析:D。句意:心灵的护理是一个逐渐的过程,在
7、这个过程中,甚至生活中那些微小的细节都应该加以考虑。in which 引导非限制性定语从句,which 指代前面的 process。 【典例 2】I always wanted to get the job which Id been trained. 4A. onB. for C. byD. of 解析:B。句意:我过去总是想得到这份我为之训练的工作。train作动词意为“训练” ,后面的定语从句说明是什么样的工作,介词 for 表目的。 2.表示部分的词语+of+关系代词 此时,指人的关系代词只能是 whom, 指物的关系代词只能是which。表示部分的词语常见的有:不定代词 all, b
8、oth, none, neither, either, some, any;数词(含基数词,序数词,分数和百分数) ;数词+名词;the +最高级/比较级,以及表示数目或数量的词语many, most, few, several, enough, half a, a quarter。 有时为了行文的需要,也可把表示部分的词放在关系代词的后面。 【典例 1】In our class there are 46 students, half wear glasses. (2012 年四川卷) A. in whomB. in them C. of whomD. of them 解析:C。句意:我们班有
9、 46 个人,一半人戴眼镜。前后两句话之间无连词,故不能用人称代词 them,而应用关系代词 whom 引导定语从句;在 46 个学生当中,表所属应用 of。 【典例 2】Helen has written two novels, both of have been made into films. A. themB. that C. whichD. what 5解析:C。句意:Helen 写了两部小说,且都被拍成了电影。句中的先行词是 two novels,而且后面是一个非限制性定语从句,因此用 both of which 引导。 考点三:where 引导的定语从句是高考设题的难点 1. 先
10、行词是表示地点的名词时,如果从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用 where,where 在从句中充当地点状语。 【典例 1】A bank is the place they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (2011年浙江卷) A. whenB. that C. whereD. there 解析:C。句意:银行,是在天晴之时借伞给你,到了下起雨来就催你还回去的地方。连接副词 where 在从句中代替 place 充当状语。 【典例 2】These fish c
11、an be put into the refrigerator, it will keep for one or two weeks. A. whenB. which C. whereD. while 解析:C。句意:这些鱼可以放入冰箱,在那里可以保存一两周。先行词 refrigerator 在从句中作地点状语,故选择关系副词 where。when在从句中作时间状语;which 在从句中作主语或宾语;while 是连词,不能用于定语从句。 2.近年高考试题中对于 where 的考查趋于复杂化,由“明显的地点”6转为“模糊的地点” 。当先行词是 case, point, stage, situa
12、tion, position, career, business, activity 等某人/物的情况、某事发展的阶段、某事的某个方面的名词时,且定语从句中缺少状语时,常用where 引导。 【典例 1】Sales director is a position communication ability is just as importance as sales(2012 年重庆卷) A. whichB. that C. whenD. where 解析:D。position 为先行词,后面是其定语从句,关系词在从句中作的是地点状语,因此,应该使用关系副词 where,来引导定语从句。 【典例
13、 2】Many people believe that the earth is unlike to be the only planetlife has developed gradually. A. thatB. where C. whichD. whose 解析:B。句意:许多人认为地球不可能是唯一的生命逐渐发展的星球。where 相当于 in which 引导定语从句修饰 planet,且在从句中作状语。 考点四:whose 与“the+名词+of+关系代词”是新增的考点 1.whose 在从句中充当定语,既可修饰人也可修饰物。 【典例 1】I wish to thank Profes
14、sor Smith, withouthelp I would never have got this far. (2012 年天津卷) A. whoB. whose 7C. whomD. which 解析:B。句意:我要感谢 Smith 教授,没有他的帮助我不会走到今天这一步。who 不可放在介词后,help 在从句中作主语,其前缺少定语,故用 whose 修饰 help。 【典例 2】The prize will go to the young manstory shows the most imagination. A. thatB. which C. whoseD. what 解析:C。
15、story shows the most imagination 修饰先行词 the young man;先行词 the young man 和 story 有所属关系,所以用whose。 2.“the+名词+of+关系代词”结构中的关系代词只能用 which。该结构表示所有关系,口语中常用“whose +名词”代替,非正式文体中可以用“of which the +名词” 。 【典例 1】She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction had taken more than three years. (2011 年江西卷)
16、 A. for whichB. with which C. of whichD. to which 解析:C。句意:她带领客人参观博物馆,博物馆的建造工程花费了超过三年的时间。先行词为 museum,在从句中充当定语,介词用 of。 【典例 2】The dinning room, the walls of are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after 8hard work. A. thatB. it C. whatD. which 解析:D。先行词为 The dinning room,代入
17、定语从句为 the walls of the dinning room are painted light green,因为关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语且指物,故用 which。 考点五:关系代词与关系副词的辨析是高考设题的焦点 关系代词一般作从句的主语、宾语或表语,而关系副词一般作从句的状语(分别是地点、时间、原因) 。 【典例 1】Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station you can hire to reach your host family. (2011 年上海卷) A. whichB. where C. whenD. as 解析:A。
18、句意:你会发现等在车站的出租车,你可以雇佣到你的房东家。hire 后缺少宾语,故用 which。 【典例 2】We live in an agemore information is available with greater ease than ever before. (2012 年浙江卷) A. whyB. when C. to whomD. on which 解析:B。句意:我们生活在一个时代,更多信息可以比以往更轻易有效的时代。when 引导定语从句,在从句中作时间状语,修饰先行词 an age(时代) 。 9考点六: that, who, whom, when, why 的用法是
19、高考设题的冷点 that 引导的定语从句,用法颇多,平时教材及相关资料上讲述也较多;who, whom 主要用于修饰人,用法简单; when 在从句中作时间状语;why 在从句中作原因状语。但这些知识点在高考设题上不是太多,why 在选择题上从未设过题。 【典例 1】After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. (2012 年江苏卷) A. whichB. who C. whereD. what 解析:B。
20、句意:洪水后,那个地区受灾的人们,急需干净的水、医药和生存的庇护所。指人的先行词 people 在非限制性定语从句中充当主语,所以用关系代词 who 引导。 【典例 2】The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other. A. theyB. where C. whatD. that 解析:D。句意:这个老城镇拥有建的彼此靠近的狭窄的街道和狭小的房屋。定语从句中缺少主语指物,因此用 that 。 考点七:定语从句设题的其他关注点 1.定语从句中有插入语,具有干扰项,这增加了做题的难度。 1
21、0【典例】He made another wonderful discovery,of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it is D. I think which is 解析:A。句意:他作出了又一次惊人的发现,我认为这是很重要的科学。句中 I think 是插入语,对做题有干扰。 2.分裂式定语从句,因把先行词同从句隔开,具有迷惑性,容易选错答案。 【典例 1】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.(2011 年陕西卷)A. whichB. where C. whoD. that 解析:B。句意:我同朋友一起走到山顶,在那儿我们享受到了湖泊最美的风景。先行词是 top,在此处指地点,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词 where。 【典例 2】The days are gone we depended on the others. A. whenB. that C. whereD. which 解析:A。句意:我们依赖别人的日子一去不复返了。句中先行词