1、Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up,汇报人：李维玲日期: 2015.10.08,incidence,In 2012, there were 447000 new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Europe. CRC is the second most frequent cancer and represents 13.2% and 12.7% of all cancer cases
2、in men and women, respectively.CRC was responsible for 215 000 deaths in Europe in 2012. This represents 11.6% and 13.0% of all cancer deaths in men and women , respectively. Approximately 25% of patients present with metastases at initial diagnosis and almost 50% of patients with CRC will develop m
3、etastases, contributing to the high mortality rates reported for CRC.The CRC-related 5-year survival rate approaches 60%.,diagnosis,Clinical or biochemical suspicion of metastatic disease should always be confirmed by adequate radiological imaging usually a computed tomography (CT) scan or, alternat
4、ively, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography. A fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan can be useful in determining the malignant characteristics of tumoural lesions, especially when combined with a CT scan or in the case of elevated tumour markers carcinoem bry
5、onic antigen (CEA) without indications of the location of relapse on CT scan in the surveillance of CRC.,diagnosis,An FDG-PET scan is also especially useful to characterise the extent of metastatic disease and to look for extrahepatic metastases (or extrapulmonary metastases) when the metastases are
6、 potentially resectable.,Histology of the primary tumour or metastases is always necessary before chemotherapy is started. For metachronous metastases, histopathological or cytological confirmation of metastases should be obtained, if the clinical or radiological presentation is atypical or very lat
7、e (e.g. later than 3 years) after the initial diagnosis of the primary tumour. Resectable metastases do not need histological or cytological confirmation before resection.,multidisciplinary approach for selecting the best treatment strategy,The optimal treatment strategy for patients with metastatic
8、 CRC (mCRC) should be discussed in a multidisciplinary expert team.In order to identify the optimal treatment strategy for patients with mCRC, the staging should include at least clinical examination, blood counts, liver and renal function tests, CEA and CT scan of the abdomen and chest (or alternat
9、ively MRI) . The evaluation of the general condition, organ function and concomitant nonmalignant diseases determines the therapeutic strategy for patients with mCRC.,The general condition and performance status of the patient are strong prognostic and predictive factors.Known laboratory prognostic
10、factors are white blood cell count, alkaline phosphatase level, lactate dehydrogenase, serum bilirubin and albumin. Additional examinations, as clinically needed, are recommended before major abdominal or thoracic surgery with potentially curative intent. An FDG-PET scan can give additional informat
11、ion on equivocal lesions before resection of metastatic disease, or can identify new lesions in the case of planned resection of metastatic disease.,treatment of potentially resectable mCRC,The majority of patients have metastatic disease that initially is not suitable for potentially curative resec
12、tion. It is, however, important to select patients in whom the metastases are suitable for resection and those with initially unresectable disease in whom the metastases can become suitable for resection after a major response has been achieved with combination chemotherapy. The aim of the treatment
13、 in the last group of patients may therefore be to convert initially unresectable mCRC to resectable disease.,treatment of unresectable mCRC,The optimal treatment strategy for patients with clearly unresectable mCRC is rapidly evolving. The treatment of patients should be seen as a continuum of care
14、 in which the determination of the goals of the treatment is important: prolongation ofsurvival, cure, improving tumour-related symptoms, stopping tumour progression and/or maintaining quality of life.,However, there is increasing evidence that other ablative techniques may be helpful methods of con
15、trol of oligometastatic disease, even after some weeks of initial systemic treatment and in case of non-curative intentionIV, B.,cytotoxic agentsThe backbone of first-line palliative chemotherapy alone, as well in combination with targeted agents, consists of a fluoropyrimidine (FP) intravenous (i.v
16、.) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or the oral FP capecitabine in various combinations and schedules. Infused regimens of 5-FU/leucovorin (LV) are less toxic than bolus regimens and should preferably be used. The oral FP capecitabine is an alternative to i.v. 5-FU/LV. Combination chemotherapy with 5-FU/LV/oxa
17、liplatin (FOLFOX) or 5-FU/LV/irinotecan (FOLFIRI) provides higher response rates (RRs), longer progression-free survival (PFS) and better survival than 5-FU/LV alone I, B.,FOLFOX and FOLFIRI as chemotherapy alone have similar activity and are both partners for biologicals, but have a different toxic
18、ity profile: more alopecia and, in most trials, more severe diarrhoea for irinotecan and more polyneuropathy for oxaliplatin I, B. Four randomised studies have shown that combination chemotherapy was not superior to sequential treatment in terms of overall survival (OS), and therefore sequential the
19、rapy starting with FP alone remains a valid option in selected and frail patients for treatment with chemotherapy alone I, B.,cytotoxic agents,The combination of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX; capecitabine 2000 mg/m/day; day 114 q 3 weeks and oxaliplatin 130 mg/m day 1 q 3 weeks) is an altern
20、ative to the combination of infused 5-F U/LV and oxaliplatin I, A based on similar activity and safety profiles.,cytotoxic agents,The data on triplet combination cytotoxic treatment with 5-FU, oxaliplatin and irinotecan are interesting, but remain controversial: an Italian randomised phase III study
21、 showed a better outcome for patients treated with FOLFOXIRI compared with FOLFIRI, while a Greek study did not show any difference.,In patients refractory to FOLFOX or CAPOX, an irinotecan-based regimen is proposed as second-line treatment: irinotecan monotherapy (350 mg/m q 3 weeks) and FOLFIRI ar
22、e options. There is evidence that FOLFIRI has a better therapeutic index in second-line compared with irinotecan monotherapy, also because there are clear safety advantages of FOLFIRI compared with irinotecan q 3 weeklyI, B.,cytotoxic agents,In patients refractory to an irinotecan-based regimen, sec
23、ond-line treatment must consist of an oxaliplatin-containing combination (FOLFOX and CAPOX).,Monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab) or proteins (aflibercept) against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in combination with chemotherapy should
24、 be considered in patients with mCRC, since they improve the outcome of mCRC. Only trials with a combination of cytotoxics and a biological targeted treatment consistently reported a median survival exceeding 24 months.,biological targeted agents,Bevacizumab has been shown to increase the survival,P
25、FS and RR in first-line treatment in combination with 5-FU/LV/irinotecan and in combination with 5-FU/LV or capecitabine aloneI, B. Bevacizumab has also been shown to improve the PFS in combination with an FP plus oxaliplatin in the first-line treatment of mCRC I, B. The combination of FOLFOXIRI plu
26、s bevacizumab has shown better PFS and RR than FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab in a trial with also one of the longest survivals reported to date.,anti-VEGF strategies,Bevacizumab, an antibody that binds circulating VEGF- A, increases the activity of any active cytotoxic regimen.,Bevacizumab is usually con
27、tinued in combination with a cytotoxic agent/combination until progression or toxicity. Bevacizumab also improves the survival and PFS in combination with FOLFOX in second-line treatment I, B. It has also been shown that continuing bevacizumab while changing the cytotoxic backbone, in second line af
28、ter progression in first line, improves the outcome (survival and PFS)I,B.,anti-VEGF strategies,Aflibercept, a recombinant fusion protein, that blocks the activity of VEGF-A, VEGF-B and placenta growth factor, improves survival, PFS and RR when combined in second line with FOLFIRI in oxaliplatin pre
29、-treated patients, whether or not the patients were pre-treated with bevacizumab in first line. Aflibercept has a similar VEGF-related toxicity pattern compared with bevacizumab, but it increases the chemotherapy-related adverse events: diarrhoea ,neutropenia, asthenia and stomatitis.,anti-VEGF stra
30、tegies,Regorafenib is an oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has shown significant improvement of survival and PFS in patients refractory to all available cytotoxics and to bevacizumab and to the anti-EGFR anti bodies; it can be proposed as a standard treatment in last line in fit and mo
31、tivated patients with mCRC I, B.,The anti-EGFR antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab are active in different lines of treatment and in various combinations.,anti-EGFR treatment and molecular testing of the RAS status as prerequisite,It was shown that the expanded RAS analysis (also including the dete
32、ction of mutations in exons 3 and 4 of the KRAS gene as well as mutations in the NRAS exons 2 4 gene) is superior to the KRAS (exon 2) analysis in predicting both more efficacy in the expanded RAS wild-type (WT) patients and a potential detrimental effect in patients harbouring any RAS mutation in t
33、heir tumour genome II, A.,It has been shown that cetuximab improves the survival of chemorefractory patients compared with best supportive care (BSC )I, B. Panitumumab improves the PFS compared with BSC in chemorefractory metastatic (K)RASWTCRCI, B.,anti-EGFR treatment and molecular testing of the R
34、AS status as prerequisite,Both anti-EGFR antibodies have a comparable clinical activity as single agents in chemorefractory patients, as shown in a phase III head-to-head comparison trial I, B.In chemorefractory patients, the combination of cetuximab with irinotecan is more active than cetuximab mon
35、otherapy II, A and has become the reference treatment in fit chemorefractory (K)RAS WT mCRCpatients.,In second-line trials, improved RR and PFS have been shown when the anti-EGFR antibodies are combined with an irinotecan-based regimen, although no survival advantage has been demonstrated, probably
36、also because of cross-over to the anti- EGFR antibodies in later lines I,B.Survival, PFS and RR benefits have been demonstrated for the combination of FOLFIRI /cetuximab compared with FOLFIRI alone in the first-line treatment of (K) RAS WT patients I, B.,anti-EGFR treatment and molecular testing of
37、the RAS status as prerequisite,Panitumumab also increases objective RR (ORR), PFS and OS when combined with FOLFOX in the first-line treatment of RAS WT mCRC.,To date, data from three head-to-head phase III studies are available: the AIO/FIRE-3 trial comparing FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI p
38、lus bevacizumab did not reveal a difference in RR (the primary end point) or in PFS in both the initially analysed KRAS WT cohort and the RAS WT cohort, analysed later. There was, however, a survival benefit (secondary end point) for patients treated with cetuximab compared with those treated with b
39、evacizumab in the KRAS WTpopulation, which was even more striking in the RAS WT population (HR 0.70) and a difference in RR according to an independent review of responses.,preferable choice of anti-EGFR- or anti-VEGF strategy in RAS WT mCRC patients?,Until then, all chemotherapy (FOLFOX/FOLFIRI)- a
40、ntibody combinations should be regarded as appropriate, and the decision-making will be a complex surrogate, taking into account many clinical factors, as well as patient preferences.Anti-EGFR antibodies should not be combined with bevacizumab I, B.,preferable choice of anti-EGFR- or anti-VEGF strat
41、egy in RAS WT mCRC patients?,Regorafenib is an orally available multikinase inhibitor, inhibiting several targets, including antiangiogenesis. Regorafenib has shown efficacy in patients pretreated with all other options in a large phase III trial, where it prolonged OS compared with placebo I, B. Th
42、erefore, regorafenib is to be considered a standard option in pre-treated patients I, B.More relevant side-effects include a specific hand-foot-skin reaction, fatigue and elevated liver enzymes, limiting the benefit to patients in good performance status with adequate organ function.,multikinase inh
43、ibitors,The definition of a (potential) treatment aim is important for both the integration of a multimodal approach and for the choice of a first-line systemic treatment.,treatment strategy,An established practical approach is to subdivide patients into four clinically defined groups:Group 0: Prima
44、rily technically R0-resectable liver or lung metastases and no biological relative contraindications (e.g. relapse during adjuvant treatment, etc.).However, the only phase III trial in this situation has shown a benefit in disease-free survival and non-significant improvement of OS (51% at 5 years)
45、if perioperative treatment with FOLFOX is administered I, B.,Group 1: Potentially resectable metastatic disease with curative intention.The goal of a disease-free status after downsizing by chemotherapy, enabling secondary surgery, may give the potential of long-term survival or cure. Therefore, the
46、 most active induction chemotherapy should be selected upfront in this group.According to crosstrial comparisons in (K)RAS WT tumours with FOLFIRI/ FOLFOX and to a prospectively planned assessment in the AIO/FIRE-3 trial, anti-EGFR antibodies appear to be more effective in terms of tumour shrinkage(
47、and therefore, theoretically secondary resectability) than bevacizumab- based combinations II, B.,treatment strategy,Group 2: Disseminated disease, technically never/unlikely resectable intermediate intensive treatment.The treatment intention is rather palliative. In patients with symptoms, more agg
48、ressive biology or extensive disease, very active first-line treatment with a high likelihood to induce metastases regression in short time, seems to be the best option.,treatment strategy,In this group of patients, a cytotoxic doublet in combination with a targeted agent is generally proposed and s
49、hould be regarded as the preferred option.,The most often recommended targeted agent here is bevacizumab, in view of the continuum of care approach, taking into account the fact that bevacizumab has only been examined in early lines ( first and second line), the better subjective profile in terms of symptomatic toxicity, and that the activity of the anti-EGFR antibodies is at least as relevant in later lines compared with early lines IV, B.,
