1、 外文翻译 原文 A specification language for organizational performance indicators MaterialSource:the library of zhe jiang wanli university Author: Viara popova Jan treur Abstract A specification language for performance indicators and their relations and requirements is presented and illustrated for a cas
2、e study in logistics. The language can be used in different forms, varying from informal, semiformal, graphical formal. A software environment has been developed that supports the specification process and can be used to automatically check whether performance indicators or relations between them or
3、 certain requirements over them are satisfied in a given organizational process. Keywords Performance indicator Organization Requirement Language 1 Introduction In organizational design, redesign or change processes, organizational performance indicators form a crucial source of information; cf. 15.
4、 Within such processes an organization is (re)designed to better the performance indicators that are considered important. In this manner, within organizational (re)design processes, performance indicators function as requirements for the organizational processes. Within the domain of software engin
5、eering in a similar manner, requirements play an important role. Software is (re)designed to better the requirements that are imposed. The use of requirements within a software engineering process has been studied in more depth during the last decades; it has led to the area called Requirements Engi
6、neering; Formal languages to express requirements, and automated tools have been developed to support the specification process (from informal to formal) and to verify or validate whether they are fulfilled by a designed software component. In this paper it is investigated how some of the achievemen
7、ts in Requirements Engineering can be exploited in the field of organizational performance indicators. Inspired by requirement specification languages, a formal language to specify performance indicators and their relationships is proposed, and illustrated by various examples. It is shown how this l
8、anguage or subsets thereof can be used in informal, graphical or formal form. Performance indicators expressed in this language can be manipulated by a software environment to obtain specifications or to evaluate performance indicators against given traces of organizational processes. The organizati
9、on of the paper is as follows. First, in Section 2, the concept of an organizational performance indicator is briefly introduced. In Section 3 the formal specification language is introduced. It is shown how the proposed language can be used to express the indicators themselves, but also how they re
10、late to each other and in what sense they are desirable. Section 4 is dedicated to the analysis of conflicts between qualified requirements. A technique for detecting potential conflicts from a specification of relationships and qualified requirements is presented for which an implementation is avai
11、lable. Next, in Section 5, a case study of the use of the language for the domain of third-party logistics is presented. Section 6 concludes the paper with a discussion. 2 Organizational performance indicators In order to assess its performance, it is crucial for an organization to identify its key
12、performance indicators. Performance indicators are metrics that show the state of the company they can be monitored and analyzed to give a clear view the current functioning. Furthermore they can also be used for defining objectives that need to be achieved by the company or for comparing to competi
13、tors or the industry benchmarks. The set of possible performance indicators is large, diverse and domain- and company-specific. Monitoring and evaluating these indicators is difficult and resource intensive if at all possible. It is therefore important to identify the most important ones the key per
14、formance indicators that reflect the position, focus and objectives of the company. For one company working in a domain where each client tends to appearonly once or not very regularly and make small orders (e.g. a small airport drugstore) the number of clients might be a key performance indicator.
15、For another company, however, which relies on having regular clients and a good reputation (e.g., a local cafe) the number of orders per client or the satisfaction of the client might be more important. Historically, companies considered mainly financial indicators. Nowadays it is widely recognised
16、that non-financial and even non-numerical indicators can give valuable information as well 3, 4, 9 (e.g. customer or employee satisfaction, motivation, safety, etc.). While identifying the key performance indicators and the objectives for desired or expected performance of the company it is benefici
17、al to be aware of how these indicators are related to each other. For example it is not uncommon that some performance indicators turn out to be conflicting-improving one may worsen another 10. Other types of relationships are possible as well. There exists a large amount of research on identifying
18、and classifying (key) performance indicators for different domains. However, extensive research on how these indicators relate to and influence each other is lacking. Such insight is important in identifying how the key performance indicators and the objectives related to them can be reflected into
19、the concrete planning for the organization activities in order to achieve these objectives. Moreover, it can be used in organizational change and redesign processes to be undertaken when the performance is considered critically low and measures are needed to improve it by performing more extensive c
20、hanges to the structure and behaviour of the organization. Automated analysis performed in a specialized software environment can provide assistance in these processes. In this paper it is argued that it is necessary to model in a precise manner the performance indicators, their relationships and th
21、e objectives explicitly in order to achieve higher variety of analysis tools. A formal language which provides the possibility to specify such information is a basis for this perspective. Such a language inspired by the area of Requirement Engineering is proposed in the next section. 3 A formal spec
22、ification language for performance indicators The starting point of this research is in the area of requirements engineering as applied within the process of design of software systems. The approach we adopt uses logic as a tool in the analysis (see for example 1, 2, 13) and more specifically order-
23、sorted predicate logic which employs sorts for naming sets of objects. Such an extension of first order logic by a sort hierarchy increases the clarity and intuitiveness in the description of the domain area. In the following subsection we introduce the language by defining the sorts, predicates and
24、 functions included in it. We start with the simplest constructs on the level of the performance indicators and build on this basis to introduce constructs describing relationships between them and requirements imposed on the indicators. 4 A case study from the area of logistics In this Section we d
25、iscuss a case study from the area of third party logistics (3PL) and apply the approach presented in the previous Section. 3PL companies are specialized in providing logistics services to other companies 5, 7, 19. Logistics service providing companies often operate under great pressure in an industr
26、y with small margins where customers increasingly expect shorter delivery times and more accurate services. It is therefore necessary for the management to continuously look for opportunities to improve the companys profitability this can be achieved for example by scaling up or expanding the activi
27、ties to a wider region 14. Planning and control, both daily and on the long-term, play a crucial role in the operations of a logistics service provider. A good insight in the performance information and how it should be used for steering the planning is therefore also important. However the activiti
28、es on defining, monitoring and analyzing performance indicators are usually done in an ad-hoc manner. Important performance aspects for the area of third-party logistics typically include efficiency in transportation, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction (in order to reduce the attrition For
29、 a literature review on performance measurement in logistics, a classification framework and a list of performance indicators see. Our case study is inspired by a Netherlands based medium sized logistics service provider which operates 40 trucks in its container business. Planning there is still a m
30、anual task performed daily by three full-time planners, however, they are partly supported by information and communication technology. They utilize a platform which enables them to track and trace trucks and carriers based on their GPS location every single minute all throughout Europe. The plannin
31、g as such uses a computer application as well, but this is not more than a list of orders to execute; the order-to-truck-assignment is done by the planner. The (manual) assigning is based on simple (unwritten) heuristic rules such as: if a new order is available at the place where the previous order
32、 ended, take this order therefore reducing the amount of empty kilometers ,The planners do utilize other performance indicators as well, such as the employees satisfaction. Furthermore, we found support for the use of indicators such as customer happiness, which is of true importance in the planning
33、 process and company reputation. The planners use several objectives and rules for their planning, many of which are not well defined and documented. This analysis was performed in the context of the DEAL project (DEAL stands for Distributed Engine for Advanced Logistics). The aims of this project,
34、funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and a group of companies, are to develop an agent-based software system for road-distribution planning. 5 Conclusions Organizational performance indicators are crucial concepts in strategic management of an organization, and in particular in the preparation
35、 of organizational change processes. They can occur in a variety of forms and complexity. In addition, often it is necessary to consider relations between performance indicators, and to express qualifications and requirements over them. Given these considerations, it is not trivial to express them i
36、n a uniform way in a well-defined specification language. A similar situation is addressed in the area of Requirements Engineering which has developed as a substantial subarea of Software Engineering. Also in the area of AI and Design similar issues are addressed. Inspired by these areas, a specific
37、ation language for performance indicators and their relations and requirements has been defined and presented in this paper. The language can be used in different forms, varying from informal, semiformal, graphical to formal. The semantics of the language was left out from the scope of this paper an
38、d will be a subject of further research. A software environment has been developed that supports the specification process and can be used to automatically check whether performance indicators or relations between them or certain requirements over them (those with quantifier called satisfy) are sati
39、sfied in a given organizational process. For other types of requirements over performance indicators it may not be easy to automate the checking process. For example, that a certain performance indicator is minimal for a given organizational process requires comparison to alternative possible organi
40、zational processes. If a set of alternative processes is given, the software environment can handle the checking on minimality of one of these processes compared to the other ones. But in general such a set is hard to specify in an exhaustive manner. An alternative route is to make a mathematical an
41、alysis of this minimality criterion and to formalize this analysis in the language so that it can be performed automatically. Another direction for future investigation might be to provide assistance in the process of discovering missing or redundant requirements. The set of requirements is company-
42、specific but it might be possible to provide some insight through scenario elicitation. 译文 一个组织业绩指标规范语言 资料来源 : 浙江万里学院图书馆 作者： Viara Popova Jan Treur 摘要 提出了一种性能指标及其相互关系的规范和要求，和语言在物流为例说明。该语言可用于不同的形式，从非正式的，半正式的，正式的图形变化。一个软件开发环境，支持规范过程，可用于自动检查是否性能指标或它们之间的某些要求，或对他们的关系在一个给定组织过程感到满意。 关键词 绩效指标要求组织语言 1 简介 在组织
43、设计，重新设计或变更流程，组织绩效指标形成的重要信息来源中，这些过程的组织 是（重新）设计更好的性能，被认为是重要的指标。在这种方式下，在组织（重新）设计流程，性能指标函数作为组织过程的要求。 在软件工程领域以类似的方式，需求发挥了重要作用。软件是（重新）旨在更好地被征收的要求。的要求在软件工程过程中使用了更深入的研究在过去几十年，它已导致该地区称为需求工程的形式化语言来表达的要求，以及自动化工具已经开发出来，以支持规范过程（从非正式正式的），并验证或验证他们是否是由设计的软件组件实现。 本文是探讨如何在需求工程的一些成就，可在组织绩效指标领域利用。灵感来自要求规范语言，正式语言来 指定业绩指
44、标及其相互关系，提出并获多个例子说明。它是如何显示的语言或其中的子集可以在非正式的，图形或正式的形式。绩效指标表示在这门语言可以通过软件环境得到规范或操纵来评价组织流程绩效指标给出的痕迹。 本文是探讨如何在该文件的组织 下取得 一些成就 ，步骤如下： 首先，在第2 节 ，一个组织绩效指标的概念进行了简要介绍。在第 3 节的正式规范语言介绍。它表明如何提出语言可以用来表达自己的指标，而且他们是如何相互关系以及在什么意义上，他们是可取的。第 4 条是专门为合格的要求之间的冲突分析。从检测的一种关系和合格的潜在冲突的技术规 范要求，提出为其提供一个实现。接下来，在第 5 节，一对为第三方物流领域的语
45、言使用案例进行了分析。第 6 节 断定了一份讨论文件。 2 组织绩效指标 为了评估其性能，这是至关重要的一个组织，以确定其主要性能指标。绩效指标是衡量标准，展示了国有公司，它们可以监测和分析，以给出一个明确的查看当前的运作。此外，他们还可以用于确定目标，需要由公司或比较竞争对手或行业标准实现。在可能的绩效指标集大型，多样，领域和公司特定的。这些指标的监测和评估是困难的和资源密集型的，如果在所有可能的。因此，重要的是找出最重要的，关键的性能指 标，反映的位置，重点和公司的目标。对于中的一个域的每一个客户往往一次或不是很经常的工作，使小订单公司（如小型机场药店）的客户数可能是一个关键的性能指标。为
46、另一家公司，然而，这依赖于有固定客户和良好的声誉（例如，当地咖啡馆）每个客户端或客户端的满意度可能更重要的订单数。从历史上看，公司认为主要财务指标。现在人们普遍认识到，非金融，甚至非数值指标可提供有价值的信息，以及（如客户或员工的满意度，激励，安全等）。 同时确定关键绩效指标和预期或预期的公司来说，好处，如何对这些指标的相互关系认识的性能目标。例如，它的情 况并不少见，一些性能指标变成是相互冲突的提高的一个可能恶化另一个 。其他类型的关系以及可能的。存在于确定和划分为不同的域（关键）性能指标的大量的研究。然而，如何将这些指标涉及和影响彼此缺乏广泛的研究。这种见解是很重要的是如何确定关键绩效指标
47、和相关的给他们的目标可分为具体的规划反映了该组织的活动为了实现这些目标。此外，它可以用在组织变革和流程进行重新设计时的表现被认为是严重不足和需要采取措施，提高执行的结构和组织的行为更广泛的改变它。 自动分析软件进行了专门的环境可以在这些过程中提供援助。本文认为，这是有必要作 出准确的模型的性能指标，它们之间的关系，目标明确，以达到更高的各种分析工具。一个正式的语言，它提供了可能，指定这些资料是为这种观点的基础。这样一个工程领域的要求，提出了语言的启发，在下一节。 3 性能指标的一个正式规范语言 这项研究的出发点是为工程的要求范围内的软件系统设计过程的应用领域。我们采用的方法是使用工具的分析逻辑
48、（例如，见 1， 2， 13）和更具体的顺序排序的谓词逻辑，采用各种各样的命名的对象集。这种层次的排序由一阶逻辑的扩展增加了域面积描述的清晰性和直观性。 在下面的小节，我们介绍了各种定义，谓词 和职能也包括语言。我们从最简单的开始构建对性能水平指标和建立在此基础上引入结构描述它们之间的关系的指标规定的要求。 4 以 一个物流区为例 在这一节，我们讨论从第三方物流（ 3PL）区案例研究和应用在上一节介绍的方法。第三方物流公司是专门提供物流服务的其他公司 5， 7， 19。物流服务提供企业往往受到很大的运作在一个行业压力，客户越来越期待短的交货时间和准确的服务更小的利润。因此，有必要的管理，不断寻
49、找机会，以改善公司的盈利能力，要做到这一点，例如，通过扩大或扩大的活动，以更广阔的区域 。 计划和控制，每天都在长期 ，起到一个物流服务提供商的业务至关重要的作用。一个在性能良好的信息和见解如何，应为指导的规划使用，因此也很重要。然而，有关定义，监控和分析性能指标的活动通常是在一个特设的方式。 对于第三方物流领域的重要方面表现一般包括运输效率 如效率 降低运输成本，路径规划的改善，设备和劳动力使用等，客户满意，员工满意（为了减少对性能的测量物流 ） 等有关文献计量性能在物流，一个分类框架和清单绩效指标见。 我们的案例研究的灵感来自荷兰的一个中等规模的物流服务提供者在其经营集装箱业务的 40 辆卡车。规划还有一个手工任务执行的三名全职规 划者每天，但是，它们的部分原因是信息和通信技术的支持。他们利用一个平台，使他们能够跟踪和追踪他们的 GPS 定位每一分钟整个欧洲所有卡车和运营商为主。在这样的规划使用，以及计算机应用，但是这并不比执行的订单清单以上 ;订单到卡车的转让是由规划师做。该（手动）指定基于简单（书面）启发式规则，例如：如果一个新的秩序可在地方上为了结束，采取这个订单因此减少公里的空额，规划者也利用其他性能指标，如员工的满意度以及。此外，我们发现，如顾客的幸
