1、 外文翻译 原文 International Tourist Flows andUrban Tourism in South Africa Material Source: Urban Forum, Apr2006 Author: Christian and Gustav INTRODUCTION Since the demise of apartheid, tourism development has been viewed as a priority in South Africas broader development frameworks (Rogerson and Visser,
2、 2004). The past decade has witnessed the introduction of significant national government support for tourism development. This has taken the form of a constant stream of new and enabling policy frameworks and strategy documents, as well as institutional support mechanisms, all aiming to expand the
3、tourism system in such a manner so as to be both robust and cognizant of pro-poor developmental outcomes (see RSA, 1996; Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism DEAT, 2003, 2004, 2005). During 2006 the important role accorded to tourism in the national economy was reiterated once again in th
4、e release of the Accelerated and Shared GrowthSouth Africa (Asgi-SA) development strategy document (RSA, 2006). Within this new macro-policy framework for South Africa, tourism is profiled, alongside business process outsourcing and bio-fuels development, as an economic sector that requires immediat
5、e and unqualified support for expansion from both the public and private sectors (RSA, 2006: 7). Accordingly, from a tourism product supply-side perspective, for a period of at least the next two decades, the South African tourism system can expect to see further rounds of support initiatives and in
6、terventions that will assist in the expansion of the tourism system. The analysis presented in this article is based upon new data on international tourism arrivals as released by the Strategic Research Unit of South African Tourism (2005). Until recently, reliable data on international tourism arri
7、vals into South Africa, especially from other parts of Africa, was unavailable. But, in light of the increased policy significance of tourism in the national economy, significant improvements have been made in the quality of data that is regularly collected on the South African tourism system (Roger
8、son and Visser, 2004). Conventionally, in a national tourism system, tourism flows are presented in two main categories, viz., international and domestic tourists. In this discussion the international tourist cohort itself is differentiated into the sub-components of overseas and regional tourists.
9、It is argued that in South Africa the category of international tourist flows, as statistical denotation, has to be unpacked with considerable care. As will be demonstrated, the types of impacts that international tourists hold for the South African tourism system are closely linked to whether these
10、 tourists are sourced from other continents (i.e., overseas), or are regional tourists from Africa. This distinction between different types of international tourists is made here in the context of increased research interest and growth of intra-regional tourism in the developing world (Ghimire, 199
11、7, 2001a, 2001b; Rogerson, 2004). For Africa the significance of regional tourism is confirmed by a recent report produced by the Economic Commission for Africa that highlights the greatest numbers of international tourists are intraregional (Gerosa, 2003: 49). The stimulation of regional tourism as
12、 well as regional cooperation for tourism was one of the recommendations to be vigorously explored during the conference on tourism, peace and sustainable development in Africa held in Luanda, Angola during May 2003 in the framework of the 39thmeeting of the World Tourism Organisations Commission fo
13、r Africa (World Tourism Organisation, 2003a). THE AFRICAN CONTEXT Within the international league tables of international tourist flows, the continent of Africa ranks poorly relative to the mature tourism destinations of North America, Europe, as well as East Asia and the Pacific Rim (Sharpley, 2002
14、: 17). Overall, Europe is the worlds number one tourist destination region, with the European Union countries hosting 414 million tourists in 2002; that is, 54.6 percent of the global market, and earning 52 percent of global tourism receipts. Africa, with only 29 million international tourist arriva
15、ls in 2003 (World Tourism Organisation, 2003b) accounts for no more than four percent of global foreign tourist receipts, albeit high rates of growth has been recorded over the past decade, admittedly from a low base (Mitchell and Ashley, 2006). The WTO (2003b) reports that international tourist arr
16、ivals are concentrated in a relatively small number of destinations in the north-west and south-east of the African continent. North Africa, with 35 percent of the regional total and southern Africa, with 30 percent, attracted two-thirds of the total tourist arrivals, while East Africa received 23 p
17、ercent, leaving only ten percent for West Africa and three percent for Central Africa. In terms of league tables of tourism receipts, the leading destinations for African tourism are shown to be Egypt and South Africa (Mitchell and Ashley, 2006). Between the four main African regions, the industry w
18、as worth an estimated $73.6 billion in 2005, and supported approximately 10.6 million employment opportunities (WTTO, 2005). According to the WTTO, Africa will see the sector grow fourfold between 1995 and 2020. Of that growth in tourist arrivals, southern Africa, and South Africa in particular, is
19、expected to take the lions share of the increase in visitor numbers. According to WTTO (2005) forecasts, the southern African region by 2020 may well experience over 300 percent growth in tourist arrivals. In South Africa since the early 1990s, there has been already an explosive growth in tourism t
20、hat was boosted both by the peaceful democratic transition and, in the immediate post-apartheid years, by the Mandela factor. In 2004 South Africa received the largest number of foreign visitors in its history of recording tourist arrivals. The nearly seven million international tourist arrivals, of
21、 which more than two million came from other continents, ranked South Africa 32ndin terms of international tourist receipts (South African Tourism, 2005). Between 19902004, South Africas share of world tourism arrivals quadrupled, a phenomenon that has fundamentally changed the face of the countrys
22、tourism industry. The recent numbers of foreign tourist arrivals is a far cry from the 50000 overseas visitors South Africa received in the mid1980s, at the height of apartheid and of international sanctions against the country (Rogerson and Visser, 2004). The objective in the following section is t
23、o provide a comparative analysis of the importance of urban centres for the two distinctive segments of South Africas international tourism economy, viz., the long-haul or overseas tourist on the one hand and of regional tourists or visitors from Africa on the other. CONCLUSIONIMPLICATIONS FOR URBAN
24、 TOURISM South Africa is emerging as a tourist destination in which urban places have become a focal point in the countrys overall tourism product portfolio. Although a range of nature-based tourist products play a vital role in the destination choices of overseas tourists to South Africa, it has be
25、en demonstrated that the countrys urban centres are also central places for these tourists experiences of South Africa. For the regional tourists to South Africavisiting for purposes of business with the largest number for cross-border retail tourismurban areas are the core foci with Johannesburg th
26、e shopping Mecca. The different profiles, characteristics and geographies of these two segments of international tourism arrivals in South Africa have been revealed. An understanding of the differences between overseas and regional tourists is of special significance in terms of policy and planning
27、for urban tourism. The role played by urban places in terms of the tourism experience of overseas and regional African visitors must be appreciated as somewhat different. For the overseas tourist, cities comprise an important element within their general experience of South Africa, which includes th
28、e countrys rural-focussed, nature-based tourism products. The urban focus provides a number of opportunities where overseas tourists can make a valuable contribution to broadening the visitor-base of various urban attractions that might not otherwise be viable, if they were dependent upon only domes
29、tic or regional tourists. In this respect, a range of urban tourism-led local economic development initiatives seen in the North can be explored in the South African urban context, not least in cities such as Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg and Pretoria. Importantly, the further development of a hos
30、t of cultural, heritage and creative tourism industry segments can significantly enhance the urban experience for the overseas tourist market as well as maximizing opportunities for urban tourism. For regional tourists, the cities are the major attractions, for purposes of business, shopping and inc
31、reasingly also for health tourism. The policy issues around regional tourism are of particular significance for the major cities of Gauteng and in particular for Johannesburg. With national policy recognition of the importance of African tourists for the country, South African Tourism has launched a
32、 number of aggressive marketing campaigns, particularly in Kenya and Nigeria, designed to increase the flow of high spending African visitors. In addition, the City of Johannesburg has acknowledged the need to further maximise the developmental opportunities offered by the citys attractions for cros
33、s-border shoppers. It has been shown that inefficiencies in long distance transportation, visa access difficulties, and issues around safety and security are constraints that are costing Johannesburg tourism millions of Rand annually in lost revenue from regional tourists (ComMark Trust, 2006). Addr
34、essing these issues through targeted policy interventions would lead to an increase in arrivals as well as an increased spend through longer stays of visitors. In addition, they would open up opportunities for the marketing and development of tourism products outside of Gauteng in order to achieve a
35、 greater geographical spread of the impact of regional tourists. 译文 国际旅游客流和南非城市旅游 资料来源 :城市论坛 2006 年 4 月 作者：克里斯汀 ， 古斯塔夫 介绍 随着种族隔离的结束，在南非的发展构架中旅游业一直被看作是一个能够优先得到良好的开发与发展的（罗杰森和维瑟， 2004）。过去的十年证明了旅游业的发展得到了国家政府的重大支持。这种颁布新的政策和文件的形式以及机构的支持机制，旨在通过以稳健的方式来扩大旅游业系统的发展（见 RSA，1996:；南非环境事务与旅游部 DEAT， 2003,2004,2005）。
36、 2006 年，国民经济在成长中的加速与共享 南非（ Asgi-SA）发展战略文件（ RAS， 2006） 中再一次重申了旅游业的发展是首要任务。在南非的宏观调控政策的框架下，旅游业是个异型，同时作为一个经济成分，业务流程外包和生物燃料的发展需要立即无条件的得到公共与私营部门的支持（ RSA， 2006:7）。因此，从旅游产品供给的角度来看，至少在未来的二十年中南非旅游系统将得到更进一步的支持与干预， 这将有助于旅游系统的新一轮扩展。 本文所作出的分析是建立在南非旅游局战略部（ 2005 年）公布的最新国际游客数据基础上的（ 2005）。直到最近都难以获得来南非旅游的国际游客 人数特别是来自非
37、洲其他地区的游客人数的可靠数据。但是，鉴于旅游业在国民经济增长方针中的重要性，南非旅游系统定期进行收集分析明显提高了数据的质量（罗杰森和 维瑟， 2004）。 按照惯例，国家旅游系统将旅游客流分为两大类，即国际和国内游客。在本次讨论中，国际旅客群被划分成“海外”和“周边区域”两个不同的子部分。有人认为，要非常小心的区分南非 “国际游客”流入量的类别以及统计范围。正如将要证明，各种与南非旅游系统保持紧密联系的“国际游客”类型，不论这些旅游者来自其他大陆（即海外）或是非洲其他地区。不同类型国际旅游者随着世界的发展在研究兴趣的增长以及“区域内”旅游业的成长下有着不同区别（吉米雷， 1997 年， 2
38、001 年， 2001 年 b;罗杰森， 2004）。非洲经济委员会近期所作的一片报告证实了非洲区域旅游的意义并强调了“国际游客中以区域内的游客数量最多”（罗杰萨， 2003:49）。 2003 年 5 月在安哥拉的罗安达举行的第 39 次界旅游组织委员会讨论了非洲的和平与可持续发展问题的框架，在会议期间提出刺激区域旅游即加强旅游业区域合作是一个对“积极探索”方法（世界旅游组织， 2003 年 a）。 非洲的情况 在国际旅游客流的排名榜上，非洲 大陆相对于 北美、欧洲、以及东亚和太平洋地区这些成熟的旅游目的地来说排名较低（夏普利， 2002:17）。总体而言，欧洲是世界第一大旅游胜地， 200
39、2 年欧盟国家共接待游客 4.14 亿，占据了国际旅游市场 54.6%的份额，赚取了全球旅游市场收入的 52%。在 2003 年，只有2900 万国际游客到访非洲（国际旅游组织， 2003b）不超过百分之四的国际游客接待量已经是过去十年中的高增长率的记录，但是是从一个低的基点开始（ 米切尔和阿什利， 2006）。 世界旅游组织 (2003b)报告称，国际游客集中选择非洲大陆的西北部和东南部这一小部分地区作为旅游目的地。北非以 35%的地区总量和非洲南部以 30%的地区总量吸引了三分之二的游客前来旅游，而东非接待了 23%的游客，剩下的西非和中非只接待了 10%和 3%的游客。在非洲旅游收入排名
40、表中，处于领先地位的旅游目的地是埃及和南非（ 米切尔和阿什利， 2006 年 ）。在非洲的四个主要地区之间， 2005 年产业价值估计为 736 亿美元，并支持约 10.6 万个就业机会（ WTTO， 2005）。根据 WTTO 指出，非洲将看到该行业在 1995 年至 2020年之间将会有四倍的 增长。根据 WTTO（ 2005）预测说 到 2020 年非洲南部地区到访游客数量增长幅度很可能会超过 300%。 20 世纪 90 年代初期以来 ,南非旅游业已经经历了一次爆炸性的增长，这是由民主过渡时期和种族隔离刚刚结束时“曼德拉因素”的共同推动下产生的。2004 年是非洲历史上接待外国游客人数
41、最多的一年。 将近七百万的国际游客人次，其中超过两百万来自其他大陆，使得南非在国际旅游收入排名中排第 32位（南非旅游局， 2005 年）。在 1990 年到 2004 年之间，南非的世界旅游人数份额翻了两番，这从根本上改变了该国的旅游业面临的现象。 最近的数据显示南非接待外国游客的人数与 80 年代种族隔离鼎盛时期以及国际制裁时期接待海外游客 50000 人次的数据相差甚远（ 罗杰森和比塞尔， 2004）。一下部分的目的是提供了一种城市中心重要性的两个不同部分的比较分析，即一个部分是长途旅行或者说是“海外”旅游，另一个部分是“区域游客”或者说是非洲游客。 城市旅游的相关结论 南非是一个新兴的
42、旅游目的地，其中城市地区已经成为该国的旅游产品组合的焦点。 虽然海外游客来南非旅游时大都选择了一系列以自然为基础的旅游产品，但也证明了南非的城市中心也是游客的体验中心。部分地区的 游客来到南非 数量最多的是为了跨国购物 像约翰尼斯堡和麦加这样的城市就是购物宝地。从不同侧面来看，南非国际旅游人数已经从特点和地域这两个方面反映出来了。 理解海外和地区游客之间的差异对制定城市旅游的政策和规划方面具有特殊意义。城市所扮演的角色必须能够鉴别出海外游客和周边的非洲游客在旅游体验中的不同。 对海外游客来说 ,城市是他们在南非的普遍体验中一个重要的元素 , 其中包括该国的农村为重点、以自然为本的旅游产品。城市
43、重点提供了很多机会，其中海外游客能够对增加城市各大景点的基础访问者类型作出宝贵贡献，如果他们只 依赖于国内的和周边地区的游客，这是不可行的。 在这方面，南非北部城市旅游带动地方经济发展的一系列措施可以发掘城市文脉，尤其是在城市诸如开普敦，德班，约翰内斯堡和比勒陀利亚。 重要的是 ,进一步发展大量的文化、传统与创意旅游业可以显著提高海外旅游市场中城市旅游的经验，为城市旅游提供最大化的机遇。 对于周边地区的游客来说，城市已经成为了以商务、购物以及越来越多以健康为目的的旅游的主要景点。围绕区域性旅游的政策问题对于 豪登省的主要城市有着非常重要的意义，尤其是对约翰内斯堡。国家政策认识到了非洲游客对于南非的重要性，南非 旅游局退出了一系列积极的营销政策，特别是在肯尼亚和尼日利亚，旨在提高高消费的非洲游客的人数。 此外，约翰内斯堡市已确认有必要进一步为城市的景点提供最大限度的发展机会来吸引跨境购物游客。有证据表明，长途运输效率低下、签证访问困难以及安全和治安问题限制了周边地区游客的到来，使得约翰内斯堡每年损失了数以百万计的兰特收入（考马克 楚斯特， 2006）。通过有针对性的政策干预来解决这些问题可能会引起到访游客数的增加以及增加游客的消费和游客停留时间。此外，他们将会为豪登以外地区的旅游产品的开辟、发展与营销提供方机会，以实现 一个更广泛的地理分布区域的游客的影响的目标。
