1、 外文翻译 原文 Chinas Integration in East Asia: Production Sharing, FDI Borrus et alii, 2000). Chinas case also highlights how a latecomer can enter globalization and carve out its place in the international division of labor. Since the mid eighties, China has been involved in international production sha
2、ring with Asian economies, as firms from Hong-Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and other Asian countries have relocated their labor-intensive industries in the mainland (Naughton, 1996 and 1997). Firms from the US and Europe operating in Asian NIEs have also moved their facilities in China. However
3、,FDI flows to China show that the US and Europe have directed a relatively small part of their investment abroad to China, compared to Japan and Asian NIEs5. FDI in China, which has reached huge amounts, is concentrated in manufacturing industries, as the service sectors were not opened to FDI until
4、 Chinas entry into WTO. From 1990 to 2004, the cumulated amount of FDI in China reached almost US$ 500bn, according to Chinas statistics. In 2002, China received 8% of world FDI, that is more than the other Asian developing countries taken together (6%) . Indeed the figures computed by the Chinese a
5、uthorities seem to overstate the real amount of FDI to China since the figures given by investing countries are much lower . Processed exports also account for a large share of Chinese exports to Asian countries (up to 60% in 2002, against 50% in 1993). Asian firms re-import a growing part of the pr
6、oduction they relocated in the mainland. However, Chinas processed exports are much less concentrated on Asia than corresponding imports. Less than half of exports after processing is directed to the Dragons and Japan in 2002 (as in 1993), a share which is still overstated, since the largest part of
7、 processed exports recorded as going to Hong Kong is in fact aimed at the US and the European markets (EC, 1997). The US and the EU account for a much larger share in Chinas processed exports (40% in 2002) than in its imports for processing (10%). Moreover, their importance as export markets would b
8、e even larger if exports transiting through Hong Kong were reallocated to their final destination. Chinas processing trade has thus a built-in geographical asymmetry, as exports and imports follow different geographical patterns. East Asia is the main source of imports for processing as East Asian f
9、irms have expanded production and export bases in China to improve their competitiveness, and as firms from other regions (the US, Europe, etc) operating in Asia have followed the same strategy and have also moved their production to China. As a result, Chinese processed exports have a high content
10、of imported Asian goods: ten dollars of processed exports incorporate four dollars of intermediate goods supplied by Japan and the Three Dragons. Processing activities are responsible for almost all Chinas trade surplus. China records its largest processing trade surplus with its Western partners. E
11、xcluding processing trade, Chinas trade with the EU records a deficit, its trade with the US is almost balanced. Due to Chinas integration in Asian production networks, there is a built-in asymmetry in Chinas trade with the EU and the US. The US conflict with China about the bilateral deficit may be
12、 largely misplaced. This deficit has much do to with the activity of multinational firms, which derive large profits and strong competitiveness from low production costs in China. Processing trade with Japan and the Dragons, which was a source of deficit in1993, and still in 1997, has also become an
13、 important source of Chinas trade surplus in 2002. This indicates that since the end of the nineties firms in East Asia have more and more extensively used China as a production base not only to sell in world markets but also for supplying their own domestic markets. Commodity Changes in Processing
14、Trade 1) From 1993 to 2002, there was a relative decline of processing trade in the most traditional industries (textile and garments, leather and shoes). The share of these sectors declined both on the export and import sides: taken together they accounted for more than 40% of total processed expor
15、ts in 1993 and for only 15% in 2002. On the import side the corresponding shares were 30% and 17%. 2) The commodity composition of international processing operations shifted towards machinery and electrical machinery: the share of these two sectors taken together rose from 24 to 53% of imports for
16、processing and from 29% to 56% of total processed exports. 3) Chemical products accounted for an important part of imported inputs (15%) but for a small part of exports, indicating that most of imported chemical materials are incorporated in the production of goods belonging to other sectors. 译文 中国在
17、东亚地区的信息共享、直接投资以及高新科技贸易的产业集群 资料来源: 施普林格科学 +商业媒体 B.V. 2007 年 作者: 威廉 .纪尧姆、法郎瓦兹勒莫瓦那 中国已经利用全球化的优势成为亚洲公司的的装配国家,这些公司已经将他们的生产和贸易扩展到了中国。中国在加工市场分割中的位置已经培养他在高科技产业产业贸易。然而中国贸易技术的快速发展与越来越依赖外国资本和技术是密不可分的。中国的崛起导致了亚洲的生产重组并形成了一个三角贸易模式:公司在先进的亚洲经济中把中国作为出口基地,取而代之的是,以前向欧洲和美国出口精 巧的货物,现在变成了向他们在亚洲的子公司出口中间产品。 从 1980 年开始,中国的经
18、济以每年 9%的速度开始增长,他的海外贸易量甚至达到了每年上升 15%。 2002 年,他在世界贸易中的份额从不到 1%上升到了 5%。正在崛起的中国作为一个伟大的经济贸易权利,对世界经济与国际经济关系带来深远的改变。现在中国在传统产业中占据着一个很大的份额(皮革和鞋子占了世界的三分之一,服装占了五分之一),但是他仍旧在汽车电器和电子出口方面快速地增加他的市场份额,这是世界贸易中增长最快的部分。在2002 年,中国家用电器和电子产品的出口占 了世界出口量的五分之一。对于东亚国家来说,中国已成为主要的合作国家,是他们在该地区的第一合作人。在2003 年,对于日本来说,中国是名列第二的出口国家,仅
19、次于美国而已,并且是他最重要的原料提供者。对韩国来说,中国是最大的出口国家,并且是仅次于美国的原料提供者。在 2003 年和 2004 年,快速发展的中国进口需求成为东亚经济发展的发动机。 中国在亚洲的国际分工中,看起来就像是一个 latecomer。中国的案例进一步阐述了不同国家和公司发展的跨国网络之间的增值链的 splitting-up 推动了亚洲在工业方面的发展和整 合。中国的例子还强调了一个 latecomer 是如何进入全球化的工业链当中的,并且在国际分工合作中开辟市场。自八十年代中期,中国和亚洲经济都参与了国际生产共享,像一些来自香港、台湾、日本、韩国和其他亚洲国家的公司都已经重新
20、再大陆安置了生产密集型产业。美国以及欧洲在中国公司都在 NIE 的操作下,将他们的生产设备移到了中国。然而,中国的外资直接投资流向表明,相对于日本和亚洲新工业经济化国家来说,美国和欧洲只是将小部分的投资放在中国。 在中国,已经有了大量的外商直接投资,主要集中在制造业,因 为在中国加入 WTO 之前,服务领域还未开放外商直接投资。从 1990 年到 2004 年,根据中国的统计数字表明,外商直接投资的金额总数已经达到了 5000 亿美元。在2002 年,中国的外商直接投资数额占全世界的 8%,这个数字比其他所有的亚洲够发展中国家的总数还要多( 6%)。确实,中国的官方数据似乎夸大了外商直接投资在
21、中国的数量,因为,投资国家所给的数字要小得多。 加工品的出口占据了很大部分中国出口到亚洲国家的产品(从 1993 年的50%,上升到了 2002 年的 60%)。亚洲企业把他们越来越重要的企业放在了大陆。然而,中国的 加工品的出口相对于进口企业来说集中在亚洲的要少很多。在 2002 年,少于一半的出口加工后的产品是直接销往亚洲四小龙国家以及日本(与 93 年的情况类似),并且其中的一部分是夸大的,这是由于大部分的加工出口企业实际上将他们的在香港的企业转移到了美国以及欧洲市场(欧供体,1997)。相对于美国与欧盟对中国的进口加工( 10%)来说,他们在中国的出口加工方面占据了更大的份额,在 20
22、02 年达到了 40%。甚至,如果出口运输经过香港作为目的地来重新分组,他们作为出口市场的重要性将变得更大。因此中国的加工贸易的一个内置的地理不对 称,使出口和进口遵循了不同的地理模式。东亚是进口加工的主要资源来源地,因此东亚国家也讲以中国为基地扩大产品和进口,从而来提高他们的竞争力,并且跟随来自其他地区的公司(比如美国,欧洲等国家)在亚洲的操作策略,并把他们的生产也转移到了中国。 因此,中国的加工出口含量在亚洲相对就要高:十美元的加工出口产品中,日本和亚洲三小龙只占了 4 美元,其他的都是中国的。 加工贸易是引起中国贸易顺差的主要原因。中国记录了他与西方国家贸易伙伴的最大加工贸易顺差。如果不
23、包含加工贸易,中国与欧共体的贸易显示赤字,与美国进出口基本 平衡。 由于中国融入亚洲生产网络,在中国与美国以及欧盟的贸易中有一个内置的不平衡。美国与中国关于双边赤字的冲突可能很大程度上被放错了地方。这一赤字与许多跨国公司存在很大关系,主要起源于由中国的低劳动成本带来的极高的利润以及市场竞争力。 日本和亚洲小龙的加工贸易,在 1993 年的时候仍然是引起财政赤字的原因,到了 1997 年也仍然是,在 2002 年,中国的贸易顺差已经成为一份重要的资金来源。这表明在 90 年代末期,亚洲的公司已经将中国作为一个越累越广阔的生产基地,不仅可以把产品销往外国市场,国内市场也得到增长。 中国 加工贸易商
24、品的变化分析如下: ( 1)从 1993 年到 2002 年,在大多数传统产业中,加工贸易有一个相对下降的趋势,特别变现在纺织、服装、皮革和鞋子。这些行业的份额的下降表现在进口和出口两个方面:在 1993 年时他们占了加工贸易总额的 40%不止,但在2002 年却连 15%都不到。在进口方面,相应的份额分别是 30%和 17%。 ( 2)国际加工业务的商品构成转变成了机械和电器机械:这两个产业总的的加工贸易量在进口方面从 24%上升到了 53%,在出口方面从 29%上升到了 56%。 ( 3)化工产品在进口投入中占了很大一部分,但在 出口方面却只占了一小部分,这表明大多数的被融入商品的进口化工原料属于其他行业领域。