1、标题INTEGRATEDBRANDBUILDINGUSINGBRANDTAXONOMIES原文INTRODUTIONTHEPROCESSOFBUILDINGANDSUSTAININGBRANDSISCHANGINGUNTILTHEEARLY1990S,ITWASANACTIVITYPRIMARILYUNDERTAKENBYJUNIORBRANDMANAGERS,WHOFOCUSSEDONTACTICS,REGARDEDTHEIRPOSTSASGOODTRAININGGROUNDSANDMOVEDONAFTERASHORTTENURELOWANDFULLERTON,1994WITHHARSHER
2、ENVIRONMENTSFORCINGFIRMSTOWORKHARDERTOGROWPROFITS,ASHIFTISOCCURRINGINTHEWAYFIRMSAREORGANIZEDFORBRANDMANAGEMENTGEORGE,ETAL,1994FIRMSARERESTRUCTURINGAROUNDCUSTOMERSANDTHEPROCESSESTHATADDVALUETOCUSTOMERSCONSUMPTIONEXPERIENCESTHISISRESULTINGINBRANDMANAGEMENTBECOMINGMOREOFATEAMBASEDACTIVITY,MANAGEDATMORE
3、SENIORLEVELSBYPEOPLEWHOADOPTAMORESTRATEGICPERSPECTIVETHESTRENGTHOFTHISISTHATABROADSPECTRUMOFSKILLSCANBERICHLYFUSEDTOADDRESSTHEMYRIADOFCOMPANYWIDEISSUESTHATNEEDCOORDINATINGWHENIMPLEMENTINGBRANDSTRATEGYHOWEVER,BECAUSEOFTEAMMEMBERSDIVERSEBACKGROUNDS,THEREISAGREATERLIKELIHOODOFDIFFERINGINTERPRETATIONSAB
4、OUTTHENATUREOFTHEIRBRANDASSAEL,1992INTHESESITUATIONSFIRMSMIGHTNOTBEGAININGMAXIMUMBENEFITFROMHARMONIZINGALLTHEACTIVITIESACROSSTHEIRVALUECHAINS,SINCEDIFFERENTDEPARTMENTSMAYNOTBEWORKINGTOWARDTHESAMEGOALCFMINTZBERGANDWATERS1982FORMULATEDVERSUSREALIZEDSTRATEGYASTHISPAPERSHOWS,DIFFERENTCATEGORIESOFBRANDSN
5、EEDMANAGINGINDIFFERENTWAYSUNLESSALLMEMBERSOFTHEBRANDSTEAMFULLYAPPRECIATETHETYPEOFBRANDTHEYAREMANAGING,THEYMAYINDIVIDUALLYBEMAKINGINCORRECTASSUMPTIONSABOUTTHEWORKTHEIRDEPARTMENTSHOULDUNDERTAKE,RESULTINGINSUBOPTIMALEFFICIENCYFOREXAMPLE,ONEORGANIZATIONLAUNCHEDASUCCESSFULDRINKSBRANDANDAFEWYEARSLATERTHEN
6、DEVELOPEDAVARIANTWHICHHADAMOREUPMARKETPOSITIONINGTHENATUREOFTHISNEWBRANDVARIANTWASPOORLYCOMMUNICATEDINTERNALLY,ANDBECAUSEOFTHIS,SOMEOFTHENATIONALACCOUNTSSALESTEAMADOPTEDANINAPPROPRIATEPOLICYOFPRICEDISCOUNTINGTOGAINDISTRIBUTIONTHROUGHSOMEOFTHEMAJORGROCERYRETAILERSWHENTHEFIRMUNDERTOOKANAUDITTOASSESSTH
7、EVARIANTSPOORPERFORMANCETHEYRECOGNIZEDTHENEEDFORABRANDTAXONOMYTHATFACILITATESINTERNALCOMMUNICATIONABOUTTHENATUREOFTHEIRDIFFERENTBRANDS,ANDWHICHHELPSDEVELOPAMORECOHERENTBRANDSTRATEGYTHISPAPEROPENSBYCONSIDERINGWHYTHEREMAYBEDIVERSEINTERPRETATIONSBETWEENMEMBERSOFTHEBRANDSTEAMITTHENREVIEWSSEVERALDIFFEREN
8、TBRANDTYPOLOGIESANDCONSIDERSHOWDIFFERENTCATEGORIESOFBRANDSNEEDDIFFERENTMANAGEMENTAPPROACHESTHEPAPERCONCLUDESBYSHOWINGAPROCESSTOENABLEMEMBERSOFTHEBRANDSTEAMTORECOGNIZEDIFFERENCESINPERCEPTIONS,ANDTHUSENCOURAGEAMORECOHERENTAPPROACHTOBRANDMANAGEMENTWHYDIVERSEVIEWSAMONGTHEBRANDSTEAMTHEREARETWOBROADREASON
9、SASTOWHYTHEREMAYBEDIFFERINGVIEWSBETWEENMEMBERSOFTHEBRANDSTEAMABOUTTHENATUREOFTHEIRBRANDTHEFIRSTRELATESTOTHELARGEAMOUNTOFBRANDINFORMATIONTOWHICHTHEYAREEXPOSEDTHESECONDCANBEAPPRECIATEDFROMMANAGERSPERCEPTUALPROCESSESBRANDINFORMATIONDELUGEMANAGERSAREPRESENTEDWITHLARGEQUANTITIESOFINFORMATIONABOUTTHEIRFIR
10、MSBRANDSTHESECOMEFROMAVARIETYOFSOURCES,FOREXAMPLEBRANDREVIEWS,MARKETRESEARCHREPORTS,THESALESFORCE,PROMOTIONSAGENCIESANDDISTRIBUTORSYETPEOPLEHAVEFINITECOGNITIVECAPABILITIESSTEINERANDMINER,1977ANDTHEYCANONLYCOPEWITHALIMITEDAMOUNTOFINFORMATIONMILLER,1956ONEOFTHEMANYWAYSMANAGERSCOPE,ISTOSIMPLIFY,USINGME
11、NTALMODELSTHATCONTAINSUFFICIENTINFORMATION,WITHOUTALLTHECOMPLEXDETAILSSCHWENK,1988FOREXAMPLE,AMANAGERWORKINGINAFIRMWITHAPORTFOLIOOFBRANDSMIGHTSIMPLIFYBYMENTALLYCATEGORIZINGTHELARGENUMBEROFBRANDSINTOASMALLNUMBEROFGROUPS,BASEDONTHEIRPERCEIVEDSIMILARITYTHROUGHDRAWINGINFERENCES,BASEDONEACHGROUPSCHARACTE
12、RISTICS,THEYAREABLETOAPPRECIATESPECIFICBRANDSONEOFTHEPROBLEMSISTHAT,BECAUSEOFTEAMMEMBERSDIFFERENTBACKGROUNDS,DIFFERENTSIMPLIFICATIONPROCESSESAREBEINGUSEDLARSONANDCHRISTENSEN,1993WHILEONEMANAGERMAYBECATEGORIZINGHISFIRMSBRANDSBASEDONTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSESEMPLOYED,ANOTHERMAYBEGROUPINGACCORDINGTOHISVIEW
13、SABOUTMATCHINGTHENEEDSOFDIFFERENTDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSASACONSEQUENCE,THEREISSCOPEFORDIVERSEPERCEPTIONSAMONGTHETEAMMANAGERSPERCEPTUALPROCESSESACONSIDERATIONOFPERCEPTUALPROCESSESPROVIDESFURTHEREXPLANATIONFORDIVERSEVIEWSTHETYPEOFINFORMATIONTOWHICHMANAGERSAREEXPOSEDAFFECTSTHEIRVIEWSWITHTHETEAMCONSISTINGO
14、FINDIVIDUALSFROMDIFFERENTDEPARTMENTS,INADDITIONTOEXTERNALSPECIALISTADVISORS,ITISUNLIKELYTHATEVERYONEHASTHESAMEACCESSTOALLTHEFIRMSINTERNALINFORMATIONINADDITION,DIFFERENTMAGAZINESANDTRADECONFERENCESAREATTENDEDBYDIFFERENTINDIVIDUALS,FURTHERAFFECTINGTHEIRVIEWSABOUTTHEIRBRANDWHENREADINGABOUTTHEIRFIRMSAND
15、COMPETITORSBRANDMARKETINGACTIVITY,SOMEMANAGERSMAYHAVEBECOMEALMOSTCONDITIONEDTOACCEPTINGTHEHISTORICALSTRATEGIESFOLLOWEDBYINDIVIDUALBRANDSWHENTHEREARESMALLDEVIATIONS,FOREXAMPLEACOMPETITORSBRANDWHICHHASALWAYSBEEN10PERCENTCHEAPERTHANTHEIRBRAND,BECOMING12PERCENTCHEAPER,THESECHANGESMAYBEBELOWTHEIRTHRESHOL
16、DOFRECOGNITIONASSAEL,1992ASSUCH,THEYDONOTFULLYREGISTERSMALLCHANGES,NORDOTHEYGIVEMUCHCONSIDERATION,COMPAREDWITHOTHERCOLLEAGUESWHOFORMNEWVIEWSABOUTCOMPETINGBRANDSWHENCIRCULATEDWITHBRANDDOCUMENTATION,DIFFERENTMANAGERSARELIKELYTOBEATTENTIVETODIFFERENTASPECTSOFTHESEINPART,THISISDUETOTHEIRPERSONALBACKGROU
17、NDTHUS,EVENWHENTHEBRANDSTEAMAREGIVENTHESAMEINFORMATION,INDIVIDUALSFOCUSONPARTICULARPARTSANDTHEIRINTERPRETATIONSARETINGEDBYTHEIRPERSONALBIASESAFURTHERHURDLEISPRESENTEDBYTHEDIFFERENCESINCOMPREHENSIONBETWEENTEAMMEMBERSWHENMARKETING,FOREXAMPLE,HIGHTECHNOLOGYBRANDS,SOMEOFTHELESSTECHNICALLYORIENTEDMANAGER
18、SMAYNOTWISHTOASKFORCLARIFICATIONOFAPARTICULARTERM,ANDBECAUSEOFSELECTIVECOMPREHENSIONKIESLERANDSPROULL,1982THERECOULDBEDIFFERENTINTERPRETATIONSANOTHERINSTANCECOULDBEASECTIONOFABRANDPLANNINGDOCUMENTTHATISAMBIGUOUSLYPHRASEDEVENIFEVERYONEUNDERSTANDSALLTHEINFORMATIONINABRANDSDOCUMENTATION,AFURTHERPROBLEM
19、ISPRESENTEDBYDIFFERENCESINMEMORYRETENTIONRATESPEOPLESRECALLOFINFORMATIONVARIESANDTHISFURTHERCOMPOUNDSTHEPOSSIBILITYOFDIFFERENTVIEWSBETWEENMANAGERSABOUTTHENATUREOFTHEIRBRANDSOMEHAVEARGUEDTHATTHEGREATERTHECONTACTBETWEENMANAGERS,THEMORELIKELYTHATDIVERSITYININTERPRETATIONSHOULDBEREDUCEDPORAC,ETAL,1987HO
20、WEVER,BECAUSEITISNOTUNCOMMONTOSEESMALLNUMBERSOFMANAGERSMEETINGFREQUENTLY,FOREXAMPLESOCIALLYORASWORKINGGROUPS,WHILETHEBRANDSTEAMASAWHOLEMEETSINFREQUENTLY,THEREREMAINSTHEPOSSIBILITYOFDIFFERENTVIEWSAMONGTHETEAMABOUTTHENATUREOFTHEIRFIRMSBRANDSSOWHYWORRYABOUTDIFFERENTVIEWSAMONGTHETEAMBYDEFINITION,EACHBRA
21、NDSTRIVESTOBEDIFFERENTFURTHERMORE,BECAUSESUCCESSFULFIRMSCAPITALIZEONTHEIRCORECOMPETENCESHAMELANDPRAHALAD,1994,ITISNOTUNUSUALFORAFIRMTOHAVESEVERALDIFFERENTBRANDSSATISFYINGDIFFERENTNICHESINAMARKETUNLESSALLTHEBRANDSTEAMAPPRECIATETHEDIFFERENTIALCHARACTERISTICSOFEACHBRANDINTHEIRPORTFOLIO,EACHDEPARTMENTSA
22、CTIVITIESWILLNOTBEHARMONIZEDTOREAPTHEFULLADVANTAGEFROMCOHERENTLYLEVERAGINGTHEIRRESOURCESANDSKILLSACROSSTHEENTIREVALUECHAININVIEWOFTHEPREFERENCEPEOPLEHAVEFORSIMPLIFICATION,GETTINGMANAGERSTOLEARNTHENUANCESOFEACHINDIVIDUALBRANDMAYNOTBEVERYPRODUCTIVEINSTEAD,GETTINGMANAGERSTOAPPRECIATEWHERETHEIRBRANDSFAL
23、LONSIMPLEBRANDTAXONOMIESMAYBEMOREHELPFULONCETHEREISCONSENSUSAMONGTHETEAMABOUTHOWEACHOFTHEIRBRANDSISCATEGORIZED,THEYSHOULDBEBETTERABLETOIDENTIFYTHEMOSTAPPROPRIATEWAYTODIRECTTHEACTIVITIESOFTHEIRDIFFERENTDEPARTMENTSBRANDTAXONOMIESTHEREAREAVARIETYOFWAYSTOCATEGORIZEBRANDSFOREXAMPLETHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYSTR
24、ESSFUNCTIONALORREPRESENTATIONALNEEDSDECHERNATONYANDMCWILLIAM,1990,THEBASISBYWHICHTHEYACHIEVEDTHEIRLEADERSHIPPOSITIONDMBIFEELMUCHMORECOMFORTABLEWITHTHISBRAND”THESEBRANDSTHRIVEWHENTHEIRPERSONALITIESARESUBTLYUPDATEDTOREFLECTSOCIETALCHANGESEGKATIEINTHEOXOBRANDTOTHENEWOXOFAMILYEXPLORERBRANDSSTRIVETOBEATT
25、HEEDGEOFSOCIALNIKEANDTECHNOLOGICALMICROSOFTANDAPPLEADVANCESTHEYAREAGENTSOFCHANGE,SUPPORTEDBYVERYFLEXIBLEORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURESTHATRAPIDLYRESPONDTOINDICATORSOFNEWTRENDSEGSWATCHTHEYAPPEALTOEARLYINNOVATORSWHOAREATTRACTEDBYADVERTISINGSHOWINGHOWTHEYCANPERSONALLYDEVELOPWITHTHESEBRANDSICONBRANDSHAVEGROWN
26、THROUGHTYINGTHEMSELVESTOAPARTICULARDREAMTHISCOULDBENOSTALGIAHOVIS,CULTUREEGSOUTHERNCOMFORTANDAMERICANA,FANTASYEGMARTINIORMORALIDEALSEGETHICALINVESTMENTSATCOOPBANKADVERTISINGISKEYINSUPPORTINGTHESEBRANDSTHECHALLENGEFORBRANDSTRATEGISTSISFINDINGWAYSOFEXTENDINGTHEDREAMEGLEVISEVERCREATIVECAMPAIGNSANDENSUR
27、INGFUNCTIONALEXCELLENCEYOUNGANDRUBICAMBRANDASSETVALUATORTHISBRANDTYPOLOGYHASEVOLVEDOUTOFYRSWORLDWIDESTUDYTOUNDERSTANDHOWBRANDSAREBUILTYOUNGRUBICAM,1994THEYARGUETHATBRANDSEVOLVETHROUGHFOURSTAGES,IEDIFFERENTIATIONTORELEVANCETHENESTEEMFOLLOWEDBYFAMILIARITYONCELAUNCHED,THEPRIMARYOBJECTIVEISTODIFFERENTIA
28、TETHEBRAND,SUCHTHATITESTABLISHESADISTINCTIVE,UNIQUEPRESENCETOATTRACTNEWUSERSTORETAINCONSUMERS,THEBRANDNEEDSTOBEDEVELOPEDTOENSUREITISRELEVANTTOTHEIRNEEDSINTHEFIGHTAGAINSTCOMPETITORS,WORKISTHENNEEDEDTOBUILDTHEBRANDSESTEEM,ENSURINGCONSUMERSHAVEHIGHREGARDFORITSCAPABILITIESIFTHEBRANDHASSUCCESSFULLYOVERCO
29、METHESETHREEHURDLES,ITACHIEVESFAMILIARITYTHROUGHBECOMINGWELLESTABLISHEDYRSEMPIRICALANALYSISINDICATEDTHATTHESTRENGTHOFABRAND,ITS“BRANDSTATURE”,ISACOMBINATIONOFITSESTEEMANDFAMILIARITYSCORESITSGROWTHPOTENTIAL,OR“BRANDVITALITY”,CANBEASSESSEDFROMITSDIFFERENTIATIONANDRELEVANCESCORESTHISCATEGORIZATIONCANBE
30、PARTICULARLYHELPFULWHENBRANDPLANNINGACCORDINGTOWHERETHEBRANDSAREPOSITIONED,ITNOTONLYGIVESINSIGHTABOUTTHEBUDGETSNEEDED,FOREXAMPLEBYCONSIDERINGWHETHERAMAINTENANCEORGROWTHSTRATEGYISENVISAGED,BUTALSOHELPSAPPRECIATEWHICHASPECTSOFTHEBRAND,EGDIFFERENTIATION,RELEVANCE,ETC,NEEDATTENTIONOVERTHESHORTANDLONGTER
31、MBYPLOTTINGCOMPETITORSBRANDSANDTRACKINGTHEIRMOVEMENTS,ITALLOWSSTRATEGISTSTOAPPRECIATEWHETHERCOMPETITORSAREGROWINGSTRONGERORWEAKERANDTHUSHELPSFORMULATEBOTHADEFENSIVEANDANATTACKINGSTRATEGYMANAGERIALIMPLICATIONSTHISPAPERHASSHOWNTHATTHEREISADISTINCTPOSSIBILITYTHATMEMBERSOFABRANDSTEAMMAYHAVEDIFFERINGPERC
32、EPTIONSABOUTTHENATUREOFTHEIRBRANDSINCETHESEMANAGERSARELIKELYTOBEDIRECTINGSTAFFINDIFFERENTDEPARTMENTS,ITISWISETOEVALUATEANYDISPARITYAMONGTHEBRANDSTEAMCONCLUSIONASBRANDMANAGEMENTBECOMESMOREOFATEAMBASEDACTIVITY,WITHSENIORMANAGERSSTRIVINGTOLEVERASSETSACROSSTHEIRVALUECHAINTOSUSTAINTHEIRBRANDSCOMPETITIVEA
33、DVANTAGE,THEREISADANGEROFINCONSISTENTPERCEPTIONSBETWEENTEAMMEMBERSBRANDTAXONOMIESAREBECOMINGMORECOMMONASACONSEQUENCEOFTHEWAYTHEYHELPMANAGERSMORESPEEDILYAPPRECIATETHENATUREOFTHEIRBRANDANDTHEMOSTAPPROPRIATESTRATEGIESBYGETTINGINDIVIDUALMANAGERSTOCATEGORIZETHEIRBRANDANDTHESTRATEGYTHEYAREEXHORTINGTHEIRDE
34、PARTMENTALCOLLEAGUESTOFOLLOW,DIVERSITYBETWEENTEAMMEMBERSCANBEIDENTIFIEDANDTHROUGHGREATERCONSULTATION,AMORECOHERENTAPPROACHADOPTEDHAVINGRESOLVEDINTERNALISSUESABOUTTHENATUREOFTHEBRAND,THEBRANDSTEAMSHOULDTHENBEBETTERPREPAREDTOFIGHTTHEEXTERNALBATTLEAGAINSTCOMPETINGBRANDS出处LESLIEDECHERNATONY,1997“INTEGRA
35、TEDBRANDBUILDINGUSINGBRANDTAXONOMIES“,JOURNALOFPRODUCTBRANDMANAGEMENT,VOL6ISS1,PP5663标题综合运用品牌分类的品牌建设译文导言建立和维持品牌的过程正在发生变化。直到20世纪90年代初,这主要是由初级品牌经理,把注意力集中在战术,被视为良好的训练场地,经过短暂人气并提出自己的岗位。随着更苛刻的环境迫使企业更加努力地增长利润,转换的方式是企业组织进行品牌管理。公司为客户增值的消费体验重组各地客户和程序增添价值。这是导致品牌管理逐渐成为一个以团队为基础的活动,经营更高层次的人采取更具战略性的管理。广泛的技巧可以丰富的融
36、合,解决各种各样的公司范围内的问题,实施品牌战略。然而,由于团队成员的不同背景,有一个更大的可能是对品牌性质的不同理解。这种情况下公司可能不会获得最大效益,因为不同部门对同一目标有不同的奋斗标准。正如本文所示,不同类别的品牌需要不同的管理方式。除非该品牌团队的所有成员充分认识到他们所管理的品牌的类型,他们可能单独对各自部门的工作进行错误的假设,导致欠佳的效率。例如,一个组织发起了一个成功的品牌饮料,几年后,然后开发出一种有更高端市场定位的新品牌。这个新品牌的不同性质导致内部沟通不良,也因为如此,国民经济核算的销售团队采取了一些不适当的价格折扣政策,获得一些主要食品零售商。当企业进行了一次审计,
37、以评估不佳的表现,他们认识到,一个品牌的分类,有利于他们对性质不同品牌的内部沟通,并有助于建立一种更连贯的品牌战略。本文考虑为什么团队成员对品牌有多种不同解释。它然后综述了几种不同的品牌和如何使用各种不同种类的品牌以及所需要的不同管理方法。本文的结论,通过展示一个过程,使品牌的团队成员认识到感知上的差异,从而鼓励一个更一致的策略运用到品牌管理。为什么品牌的团队存在不同的观点为什么品牌团队成员关于他们的品牌有不同观点有两个原因。第一个问题涉及到他们接触到的大量品牌信息。第二个可以是对管理者的感知认识过程。品牌信息提供了有关其公司品牌的大量信息。这些来自不同的来源,例如品牌评价,市场调研报告,销售
38、人员,促销和分销机构。然而,人们认知能力有限,他们只能应付有限的信息数量。管理人员应对方法之一是简化,使用不带所有复杂的细节,包含足够的信息的心理模型。例如,管理者根据他们的知觉相似行简化品牌组合的工作。通过举一反三,得出每个小组的特点,他们对特定的品牌有一定的认知。其中一个问题是,由于团队成员的不同背景,不同的简化进程正在使用。当管理者在品牌的基础上进行分类,采用的生产工艺,另一些则是将按照他的看法匹配不同需求的经销渠道。因此,在团队中有不同的观点存在。管理者的认知过程不同的感知过程为不同的意见做出了进一步解的释。类型的信息影响了管理者的观点。随着来自不同部门的人组成的队伍,除了外部的专家顾
39、问,不是每个人都能同样的使用企业的内部信息。此外,不同的杂志和不同的人参与的的贸易会议,进一步影响他们对品牌的观点。当他们着手了解竞争对手的品牌营销活动,一些管理人员可能变得几乎习惯于接受历史策略,紧随其后的是个人品牌。当有小的偏差,例如,竞争对手的品牌,一直较便宜百分之十的品牌,变为百分之十二,这些变化可能会低于他们的认知阈值。因此,他们并不完全登记的微小变化,也没有给予太多的考虑,与其他竞争对手形成新的看法。当传阅品牌文档,各部门的管理者很可能会留意这些不同的方面。在某种程度上,这是由于他们的个人背景。因此,即使该品牌的团队都获得相同的信息,个人专注于特定地区,他们的解释是个人偏见色彩。为
40、什么要担心在团队中的不同看法根据定义,每个品牌力争有所不同。此外,由于成功的公司利用他们的核心竞争力,公司有好几种满足不同环境的品牌在市场上出售是不奇怪的。除非所有品牌的团队明白其投资组合中的每个品牌的不同特点,各部门的活动不会被连贯协调,从整个价值链中的资源和技能中得到充分利用。由于人们偏好的简单化,让管理者了解每个品牌的细微差别可能不是非常有成效。相反,让管理者明白他们的品牌在分类上属于简单的品牌可能会更有帮助。团队对自己的品牌如何分类一旦有共识,他们应该能够更好地找出各个部门最适当的方式。品牌分类有许多方法来分类各种品牌。例如在一定程度上,他们强调功能性或代表的需求,根据他们达到的领导地
41、位,品牌的生命力和品牌地位的平衡。DMBB的领导股权模式根据PIMS数据库,它是已知的市场份额和盈利能力密切相关。在为追求高额润组织争取品牌的领导地位。鉴于此,DMBB在美国、英国和欧洲市场进行了定性和定量相结合的品牌研究。他们的消费者研究确定了四个类别的品牌,以品牌的领导者的关系与消费者建立了类型定义。这四个类别是“权力品牌”,通过卓越的产品和服务绩效来激发,“身份品牌”,便于字符识别,通过协会与品牌的个性,“探险家品牌”,使消费者亲自制定并提出通过向他们挑战的可能性,“图标品牌”,是消费者梦寐以求的共享。这种分类可以使品牌在市场的竞争性质浮现。例如,延长他们的工作,航空公司的品牌可以分为汉
42、莎航空公司(权力品牌),维尔(身份品牌),澳航特别是在几年前(探险家品牌),文学士(图标品牌)。它还能使企业更好地了解其品牌组合。例如,它可以说是英国航空公司英航头等舱(权力品牌)学士世界俱乐部(身份品牌),学士世界旅行者(探险家品牌),英航协和式飞机(图标品牌)。权力品牌,例如仙女液体和金霸王,需要不断的研发投入和高品质标准,以确保他们总是在领导提供所需的最佳利益。传播活动中心“作为英雄的产品,”显示出满足消费者功能需求的优越品牌。专注于市场调查,定期跟踪竞争对手,重点在消费者的表现和变化的评价标准的竞争对手,使品牌的功能能力进行微调。身份品牌,如探戈,成长通过成熟的品牌个性。他们很快克服品
43、牌之间类似功能的选择困境,使消费者认识到“我觉得这个品牌更舒适的”。这些品牌茁壮成长时,他们的个性有着微妙的更新,以反映社会变革。探险家品牌力争社会(耐克)和技术(微软和苹果)的研究进展。他们是改革的推动者,以非常灵活的组织结构,迅速作出反应(如斯沃琪)的新趋势的指标的支持。他们呼吁早期的改革者所吸引的广告展示他们能亲自发展这些品牌。图标品牌的成长,通过把自己绑到一个特定的梦想。这可能是怀旧(豪维斯),文化(如南部的舒适和美洲),幻想(如马天尼)或(例如伦理投资合作银行)道德理想。广告是支持这些品牌的关键。对于品牌战略的挑战是找到延长梦(如利维的不断创新活动),并确保功能卓越的方式。杨和鲁比卡
44、姆BRANDASSET评估师这个品牌的类型已发展出的YR的全球研究,以了解如何建立品牌。他们认为,品牌发展经历四个阶段,即分化关联然后尊重,紧随其后的是熟悉。一旦启动,其主要目的是区分品牌,例如,它建立了一个与众不同的,独特的存在,以吸引新用户。为了留住消费者,品牌需要发展,以确保它是有关他们的需要。抵抗竞争者就需要建立品牌的自尊,确保消费者对其功能的高度重视。如果该品牌已经成功地克服这三个障碍,通过它实现了公认的熟悉程度。R的实证分析表明,一个品牌,其“品牌地位”,、是其自尊和熟悉评分相结合。它的增长潜力,或“品牌的生命力”,可以从它的分化和评估相关的分数得出。这种分类对品牌规划特别有用。据
45、那里的品牌定位,它不仅了解预算需要,例如,考虑是否改变或发展战略,而且也能认知品牌的一些方面,如分化、相关性等,需要短期和长期的关注。通过绘制竞争对手的品牌和跟踪他们的行踪,它允许战略家领略竞争者是否正在日益更强或更弱,从而有助于制订防御和进攻策略。管理意义本文研究表明,有一个明显的可能性,一个品牌的团队成员对他们的品牌品质得有不同的看法。由于这些管理人员很可能是指挥不同的部门人员工作,这是明智地去评估品牌队伍的差距。结论品牌管理变得更加以团队为基础的活动,高级管理人员在努力用杠杆资产价值链理论,维持其品牌竞争优势,团队成员之间的看法不一致是危险的。纵向品牌已经是越来越普遍的后果,他们帮助管理者更快速领会其品牌和最合适的策略。通过让个别管理人员对自己团队的品牌进行分类,劝部门的同时去追随。成员可以以更一致的方式通过,更多的协商确定品牌的性质来解决内部问题,该品牌的团队应该更好地进行准备,然后对抗竞争品牌。出处LESLIEDECHERNATONY,1997“INTEGRATEDBRANDBUILDINGUSINGBRANDTAXONOMIES“,JOURNALOFPRODUCTBRANDMANAGEMENT,VOL6ISS1,PP5663三、指导教师评语建议成绩签字年月日