1、第四讲 教学设计发展简史及评述河南师大教育技术学系 教学设计 研究生课程2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 2主要内容n 教学设计发展简史(以美国为参照)n 梅瑞尔: ID1 & ID2n 何克抗教学设计分代理论n 讨论教学设计发展简史及评述2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 3教学设计发展简史(以美国为参照)n The Origins of Instructional Design: World War IIn More Early Developments: The Programmed Instruction Movementn The Pop
2、ularization of Behavioral Objectivesn The Criterion-Referenced Testing Movementn Robert M. Gagn: Domains of Learning, Events of Instruction, and Hierarchical Analysisn Sputnik: The Indirect Launching of Formative Evaluationn Early Instructional Design Modelsn The 1970s: Burgeoning of Interest in the
3、 Systems Approachn The 1980s: Growth and Redirectionn The 1990s: Changing Views and Practices教学设计发展简史及评述2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 4引子n 近几十年来,出现了各种各样的系统化的教学设计程序(或称模式)。而这些模式又基本基于以下一些术语上: the systems approach, instructional systems design (ISD), instructional development, and instructional designn 尽
4、管各个模式中的环节和步骤不尽相同,但是大多数模式都包含了 analysis of instructional problems, and the design, development, implementation and evaluation of instructional procedures and materials intended to solve those problemsn 这种教学设计过程是如何形成的呢?教学设计发展简史及评述 教学设计发展简史2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 5The Origins of Instructional Desig
5、n: World War IIn The origins of instructional design procedures have been traced to World War II (Dick, 1987).n 二战期间,大量的心理学家和教育家(如 Robert Gagn, Leslie Briggs, John Flanagan)应征进行军事目的培训研究和培训材料的开发,提高军事培训的效果。n 如:原来某飞行训练项目失败率极高。为了降低失败率,心理学家们检测出某一飞行技能所需的 the general intellectual, psychomotor and perceptua
6、l skills of individuals,然后开发能够测量这些要素工具,运用这些测量工具甄别出适合进行这一飞行训练项目的人选( candidate)。n 二战后,许多心理学家转向解决教学问题的研究, Psychological Principles in System Development, edited by Gagn (1962b)一书就包括了教学设计先驱们在这一领域工作的总结。教学设计发展简史及评述 教学设计发展简史2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 6More Early Developments: The Programmed Instruction M
7、ovement程序教学运动n The programmed instruction movement, ran from the mid-1950s through the mid-1960sn B.F.Skinners The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching and later ones described his ideas regarding the requirements for increasing human learning and the desired characteristics of effective inst
8、ructional materials. n The materials, called programmed instructional materials, should present instruction in small steps, require overt responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback, and allow for learner self-pacing.n 并提出了解决教育问题的经验性方法:收集关于证明教学材料有效性的数据,找出教学缺陷,然后修订教学材料。这种试行(Trial)、修订(
9、 Revision),目前我们称之为形成性评价。教学设计发展简史及评述 教学设计发展简史2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 7n 许多开发程序教学材料的步骤仍应用于当前的教学设计模型中。如:n analyzing and breaking down content into specific behavioral objectives, n devising the necessary steps to achieve the objectives, n setting up procedures to try out and revise the steps, and
10、validating the program against attainment of the objectives, n programmed instruction succeeded in creating a small but effective self-instructional system a technology of instruction.2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 8The Popularization of Behavioral Objectives行为目标的普及 ( 1)n 早在 20世纪 60年代 Robert Mager 写了
11、Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction (1962)一书教授教师如何撰写目标 . 1997年出版了该书的第三版。n The book describes how to write objectives that include n a description of desired learner behaviors, n the conditions under which the behaviors are to be performed, n and the standards (criteria) by which the beha
12、viors are to be judged. 教学设计发展简史及评述 教学设计发展简史2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 9The Popularization of Behavioral Objectives行为目标的普及 ( 2)n 尽管 Robert Mager使行为目标得以普及,但是早在 20世纪初 Bobbitt, Charters, and Burk就已经提出要目标要清晰化。n 然而 Ralph Tyler被尊为行为目标运动之父。 1934年他写道: “Each objective must be defined in terms which clarify
13、 the kind of behavior which the course should help to develop” (cited in Walbesser & Eisenberg, 1972). 每一个目标必须使用能够清晰阐明课程所要培养的那些行为的术语来加以定义。n 经过八年的研究, Tyler证明了:目标可以使用目标术语来清晰的描述出来;利用行为术语描述的目标可以作为评价教学有效性的基础。教学设计发展简史及评述 教学设计发展简史2004-10-8 教育技术学硕士研究生课程 -教学设计 10The Popularization of Behavioral Objectives行为目标的普及 ( 3)n 对行为目标的另一重要支持力量是Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues published the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, & Krathwohl, 1956)教学设计发展简史及评述 教学设计发展简史