1、非谓语动词,一.概念：在句子中充当除谓语之外的各种句子成分的动词。二.种类：(3种)1.不定式 2.动名词 3.分词（现在分词；过去分词）,（一） 动名词,在句中起名词作用可以单独使用或引起短语做主、宾、表、定语，没有人称，数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化。否定式在前加not.,1.动名词的时态:动名词的一般式:表示动作和谓语动词同时或稍后发生。 Reading makes us happy. The old mans hobby is playing chess.动名词的完成式:表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。（口语中有时用一般式代替完成式） The boy admitted havi
2、ng broken the glass. I regret having done / doing / to have done it.,2.动名词的被动语态:动名词一般式的被动语态 How can he enter the room without being noticed? Before being used , the machine should be tested.动名词完成式的被动语态 The reporter was surprised at having been treated as a spy.,3.动名词的复合结构: 形容词性物主代词 名词所有格 + 动名词 宾格(代词
3、/名词作动名词的逻辑主语)动名词复合结构的否定式把not放在形容词性物主代词/名词所有格和动名词之间。 His being late made us unhappy.（主） My mother forgave me telling a lie.（宾） What surprised me was your not handing in your paper.（表）,4.动名词的用法:作主语(1)谓语动词通常用单数。(2)表示经常的、习惯的动作或情况，或抽象的一般行为；而表示偶尔的或具体的尤其将来的行为用不定式。 Seeing is believing. Reading aloud is impo
4、rtant in learning English. Once your business becomes international, flying constantly will be part of your life. To finish the work takes two hours.,it 作形式主语代替动名词 It is no use /good /need /pleasure + doing It is useless doing It is a waste of time doing It is fun doing There be no doing There is no
5、 joking about such things. There is no sense/point/use/good/need+doing,作表语，说明主语的具体内容。 My favorite sport is swimming.动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别与作主语的区别相同。动名词和不定式作主语、表语要保持一致性。 To see is to believe.如果表语是表示目的、愿望、计划或某一特定的行为，尤其是将来的行为或有待于实现的行为时，表语通常用不定式。 My purpose/wish/hope/plan/ideais to climb the mountain from the
6、 south.,作定语表示被修饰名词的性能、用途，放在被修饰词前。 a swimming pool a waiting room = a room for waiting an operating table building materials a walking stick,作宾语只接动名词作宾语的vt.及短语admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、permit、consider、deny、delay、enjoy、 miss、 suggest、finish、escape、 practise、 risk、mind、 excuse、imagine、keep、un
7、derstandcant help 、give up、insist on、feel like、look forward to、devote to、pay attention to、get down to、thank for、be busy、be worth、lead to have difficulty/trouble/problems (in) doinghave a good /hard time doingbe used to doing when it comes to doing 当谈到,begin /start在下列三种情况下用不定式:主语是物 It suddenly began
8、to rain.用于进行时后接表示心理活动的v：see、 realize 、understand、know We are beginning to realize theimportance of knowledge., want need require deserve,+ doing 主动表被动,there be 的动名词 there being I have never dreamed of there being a new car.there be 的不定式 there to be I expect there to be a new car.,(二)分词:分为现在分词、过去分词两种
9、有v./adj./adv. 特征，在句中作表语、补语、定语、状语。因为分词保留动词的某些特征，可有自己的宾语和状语，故称为分词短语。分词无人称、数的变化，有时态和语态的变化。vt.的过去分词既表示动作完成又表示被动的含义。vi.的过去分词只表示完成不表示被动。分词的否定式在前加not。,过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词变化如下：,1.现在分词的时态一般式：表示分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生。 Do you hear someone shouting outside now? Hearing the shouts , the children ran out at once.完成式：
10、表示分词动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常用作状语。 Having lived abroad for 30 years, the man returned to his motherland. Not having made enough preparations , they decided to put off the sports meet.,2.现在分词的语态现在分词一般式的被动语态:表示某事正在被做，常用作状语或定语。 The building being built now is a hospital. Not being seen by the teacher, he sl
11、id into the classroom.现在分词完成式的被动语态：表示某事已经被做完，常用作状语，不用作定语。（作定语不用 having been done，而用done） Having been sent to the countryside, he had to leave the city. Not having been told the news, they didnt attend the meeting.,3.现在分词和过去分词的区别：现在分词表示动作正在进行； 过去分词表示动作已完成。 a developing country / a developed country b
12、oiling water / boiled water语态上的区别: 现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。主动与被动取决于分词的逻辑主语，当分词的逻辑主语与其是 主动关系用现在分词; 被动关系用过去分词。, The teacher came into the classroom， followed by a group of students. following a group of students.,4.分词的用法：作表语：其逻辑主语是该句子的主语，主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词；现在分词表示主语的特征、性质；过去分词则表示主语所处的状态。 The book is interesti
13、ng . Im interested in the book. The scene is moving. The crowd are moved.做定语：其逻辑主语是分词所修饰的n. 或 pron.若分词和逻辑主语为主动关系用现在分词，被动关系则用过去分词。单个分词作定语放在所修饰n.前，分词短语做定语放在所修饰词后。 written English / spoken English The swimming boy is my brother.,分词做宾补：分词做宾补，逻辑主语是句子的宾语。与逻辑主语是主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。感官动词和使役动词后常接分词做宾补。feel、li
14、sten to、hear、let、make、have、 see、look at、watch、notice、observe、find、catch、keep、 get、leave分词作状语：其逻辑主语是该句子的主语，两者间是主动关系用现在分词，被动关系则用过去分词；分词作状语大都可以转化成状语从句。分词可做原因、时间、条件、结果、让步、伴随、比较状语。, Not knowing his address, I cant go to see him. As/Because I dont know his address, ,1) Not hearing from him, I write a lett
15、er again.2) Being ill, he didnt go to school.3) Inspired by the teacher, the children worked harder.4) Dont talk when eating.5) Opening the box , he cried. On opening the box, he cried.,6)Having finished the experiment , he went home. After he had finished the experiment, he went home. After finishi
16、ng the exam, he went home.,7)Studying hard, youll pass the exam. If you study hard, youll pass the exam. Study hard and you will pass the exam.,8) If we are given more time ,we will do it better. Given more time, well do it better. 9) A big earthquake happened in Wenchuan, making many people homeles
17、s.10) Though it weighs 100 kilograms, the box is moved. Weighing 100 kg, the box is moved. 11) His father died, leaving him a lot of money.12) Lacking money, I have to ask my parents for help.13) Tom came, riding his bike.14) The students came into the classroom, talking and laughing.,注意：做伴随或方式状语的分词
18、不能用从句替换，只是伴随主句动作发生，或说明主句动作的方式。,注：1.有时分词可用作连词加以强调,如：considering: prep./conj. 考虑到 Considering his age, he is strong. taking into consideration 考虑到given (that): prep./conj. 如果有;考虑到 Given his support, well win the electionprovided / providing (that): conj. 倘若（比if文雅，但不可用在假设句） Ill go provided/providing (t
19、hat) it doesnt rain.,2.有些分词短语可做独立成分，用来解释整个句子，不受句子的主语限制。generally/ honestly /frankly +speaking judging from/ by talking of /speaking of 谈到 Judging from his accent, he must come from Henan. Talking of travel, have you been to Beijing?,(三)不定式不定式是由无意义的小品词to加动词原形构成，无人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立做谓语；不定式具有n./adj.和adv.特征
20、，并仍然保留动词的某些特征；不定式可有自己的宾语、状语，且有时态、语态的变化；不定式的否定式是在to前加not或never.,不定式的时态与语态：,1.不定式的时态:不定式的一般式，用来表示不定式的动作或状态发生在谓语动词动作后或与谓语动词动作同时发生。 I want to go there tomorrow.（之后） I plan to attend the meeting.（同时） I am glad to see you.（同时）不定式的进行式，表示不定式的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。 I happened to be sleeping when you called me . T
21、he two men pretended to be working hard.,不定式的完成式，表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作前。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long. I happened to have seen the film.不定式的完成进行式，表示不定式动作在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前一直在进行，到谓语动作发生时，可能停止，也可能继续下去。 Im happy to have been working with yousince you came here. He is said to have been teaching for
22、30 years.,2.不定式的被动语态:不定式一般式的被动语态：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或在其后发生且与逻辑主语构成被动关系。 The manager wanted the letter to be typed at once. The book is said to be translated into Japanese.不定式完成式的被动语态：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，且与逻辑主语间为被动关系。 Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears to have been told everything. I
23、m glad to have been invited to speak here.,3.不定式的复合结构:一般来说，不定式动作的执行者为主句的主语，但有时不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这时须用不定式的复合结构：for n./pron. to do 或of n./pron. to do 常用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。 It is important for us to master grammar rules.注意：在这一结构中，如果adj.侧重于评价人物特征、性格、品质等，将for改为of.常用adj.如：kind, nice, good, cruel, foolish, stupi
24、d, silly, clever, smart, wise, brave, crazy, careless, careful, polite, impolite, selfish, generous, right, considerate, I found it hard for them to finish the work in such a short time. Their hope is for Mary to live with them. There will be a lot of difficulties for them to overcome. The poem is t
25、oo hard for me to understand.,4.不定式的用法:能作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。作主语，谓语动词用单数。 To get up early is a good habit. To see is to believe .常用it作形式主语：It is + adj./n.+ to do for sb to do It is important for us to learn English . It + v.+宾语(+补语) + to do sth. It took me a year to save up for a new coat. It made us
26、happy to hear from him.It + be + 介词短语 + to do sth. It is beyond my power to answer this question.,作宾语:常接不定式作宾语的v.如：agree, pretend, afford, want, would like, hope, wish, manage, prefer, like, hate, help, promise, decide注意:不定式作宾语，如果其后带有宾语补足语常用it作形式宾语。常见动词有：think, make, consider, believe, suppose, feel
27、, find等。 I dont think it necessary to master a foreign language without much memory work.,在tell, teach, explain, learn, advise, show, know, decide, understand, discuss, ask, wonder, find out等动词后，常用“how/what/whether/where/when/who等疑问词+不定式”构成的短语作宾语。（注意：此用法中不定式的逻辑主语需要与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则就要用宾语从句）。 It is sai
28、d that in Australia there is more land than the government knows what to do with it.(2002 NMET),介词后一般不直接接不定式作宾语，但可以接“疑问词 + 不定式”构成的不定式短语作宾语。（but, except, besides 可接不定式作宾语）如： Marx gave some advice on how to learn English. They had no choice but to lie down to sleep. He did nothing this morning but cha
29、t on the phone.,作表语：除be动词外, seem, remain, happen, prove, turn out, appear也常接不定式作表语。当用desire, hope, wish, aim, purpose, job等表示目的、愿望的词作主语时，其表语多用不定式表示将来。 He seems to be very happy. My job is to teach. My wish is to pass the entrance exam.,注意：当不定式作表语时，前有do的各种形式时，后不定式常省略to. What I want to do now is (to)
30、have a good sleep. The only thing to do is study hard.be to blame 应受责备 Who is to blame? Who should be blamed？,作定语：放在所修饰的n./pron.之后,它的逻辑主语就是它修饰的n./pron.在时间上倾向于将来。不定式和它修饰的n./pron.是逻辑上的主谓关系用主动语态。 Who is the first person to answer the question？不定式和它修饰的n./pron.是动宾关系，用被动语态。 I was the second to be intervie
31、wed.,不定式作定语修饰被序数词，最高级，the last, the very, the only修饰的n./pron.或很多特定的名词后也可用不定式做定语，如:way, time, chance, right, reason, effort, possibility, hope, pleasure, opportunity, need, wish, ability, courage, promise, ambition You have no right to break the school rules . He has no chance to pass the exam. He ha
32、s the ability to read and write in Japanese.,注意：1)不定式和所修饰的n./pron.是动宾关系，并和该句子另一名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系，则主动表被动。 I have a lot of work to do. Please give me a book to read.2)There be +主语+不定式的结构中，不定式常用主动，也可用被动。 There is a lot of work to do. There is nothing to worry about . to be worried about.不定式作定语，若是vi.后需加pre
33、p. I want a pen to write with. He is a nice person to work with.,作状语，用来修饰v.表目的、原因或结果。做目的状语：不定式可放句首，要用逗号隔开，也可放句尾不用逗号。 Please water the flowers to make them grow faster. To spend my holiday, I enjoy going abroad. in order to/so as to (不放在句首)“为了”,做原因状语：主要用在表示人的情感或心理状态的adj.或分词之后，如：angry, anxious, glad,
34、content, delighted, determined, willing, sorry, surprised, lucky, pleased, proud, disappointed, excited, foolish, happy等。 You were silly not to have locked your car. I was surprised to watch him eat so quickly. Im glad to see you. He felt disappointed not to have been invited.,在不定式前出现某些adj.时尽管不定式与该句
35、的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式仍用主动形式，如： light, heavy, hard, difficult, easy, safe, comfortable, pleasant, dangerous, expensive, cheap, hot, cold等。, The chair is comfortable to sit on.,做结果状语：表示出乎意料的结果，而现在分词表示自然而然的结果。tooto do, suchas to do, soto do He is so kind to help an old man get off the bus . never to do, onl
36、y to do(常指意想不到的结果) The news reporter hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left. His father went to Taiwan in 1949, never tobe heard from.,as if to do/as though to do 好像要做（方式状语） She raised her head as if to say something. The baby reached out his hands as if to ask for his mum.,
37、做宾补：宾语补足语是说明宾语行为、状态、特征的，宾语和宾补合称为复合宾语，宾语和宾补间是主谓关系。如：ask/invite/warn/cause/advise/get/permit/encourage/persuade/tell/want/beg/ desire/prefer/expect/request/order/allow/ consider/force/teach等。 Our teacher asked us to do our homework. We think money to be important. Bell is considered to have invented t
38、he telephone.be said/be believed/be hoped/be reported后常接不定式做主补。eg：He is said to be a new comer.,不带to 的不定式作宾补：1)感官动词 feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice, observe Listen to me read the text. He is often heard to sing in the next room. 2)使役动词 make, have, let,不定式做插入语，用来说明说话人态度或对整个句子进行解释。t
39、o start/begin with 开始to be honest/frank .地说to make things/matters/the matter worseto be short 简言之,不定式需要注意的问题：1.不定式和疑问词连用相当于疑问词引导的从句，可用做主语、宾语、表语。 I dont know what to do next. He has done the job before, so he knows what to expect in his new job.2.不定式省略to的情况：1)but/except后接不定式做介词宾语，前有do后省to He cant do
40、nothing but/except wait. He has no choice but to wait.,2)如果两个或两个以上的具有同样功能的不定式并列，to只用在第一个不定式前，其余的to省略，以避免重复，但是表示对比关系时除外。 The nurse told me to sit and wait. I havent decided whether to go or (to) stay.3.省略不定式保留to若不定式所表示的动作在前面已出现过，为避免重复，这个不定式通常省略动词，只保留to.(would) like/love, mean, plan, prefer, try, refu
41、se, want, wish, forget, hope, used to, have to, be going to, ought to -Will you go to play football? -Id like to. -Does your son often come to see you? -No,he used to.,注：1)used to后如果是实意动词可省略, 但是be动词要保留。-Is your brother a player?-No, but he used to be.2)would like/love to have done 结构中，省略不定式需保留have-Why didnt you attend his party last night?-Id love to have, but I was busy.,Thank you!,
