1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原MERGERSANDACQUISITIONSANDBANKPERFORMANCEINEUROPENONTECHNICALSUMMARYDURINGTHE1990SALARGEPROCESSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONHASTAKENPLACEINTHEEUROPEANUNIONALTHOUGHCROSSBORDERMERGERSANDACQUISITIONSACTIVITYREMAINSLIMITEDINTHEBANKINGSECTORGIVENTHECENTRALROLEPLAYEDBYBANKSINTHECREDITPROCESSANDTH
2、EECONOMYINGENERAL,THISPROCESSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONHASATTRACTEDSUBSTANTIALATTENTIONNOTONLYFROMMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSBUTALSOFROMBORROWERSANDPOLICYMAKERSWHILEINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEREISEXTENSIVEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEONTHEEFFECTSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATION,THEEMPIRICALLITERATUREREMAINSLIMITEDINEUROPETHISPAPERA
3、IMSTOSHEDSOMELIGHTONTHECONSOLIDATIONPROCESSINTHEEUROPEANUNIONBANKINGSECTORINTERMSOFMETHODOLOGY,MOSTOFTHESTUDIESANALYZINGTHEEFFECTOFBANKCONSOLIDATIONONPERFORMANCETENDTOFOLLOWTWOMAINKINDSOFEMPIRICALMETHODSONTHEONEHANDTHEREAREANUMBEROFSTUDIESCOMPARINGPREANDPOSTMERGERPERFORMANCEONTHEOTHERHAND,ANOTHERSTR
4、ANDOFTHEEMPIRICALLITERATUREUSESAEVENTSTUDYTYPEMETHODOLOGY,INWHICHCHANGESINTHEPRICESOFSPECIFICFINANCIALMARKETASSETSAROUNDTHETIMEOFTHEANNOUNCEMENTOFTHEMERGERAREANALYZEDINTHISRESPECT,THEHANDFULOFCROSSCOUNTRYEUROPEANSTUDIESCONDUCTEDTODATEUSINGANEVENTSTUDYMETHODOLOGYTENDTOFINDTHATBANKSMERGERANDACQUISITIO
5、NSACCRUESIGNIFICANTSTOCKMARKETVALUATIONGAINSFORBOTHTHETARGETANDBIDDERSEEFORINSTANCECYBOOTTONEANDMURGIA,2000WEUSETHEFORMERAPPROACHBYCOMPARINGACTUALPREANDPOSTMERGERPERFORMANCEINACOMPREHENSIVESAMPLEOFEUROPEANUNIONBANKSFROM1992TO2001THEUSEOFTHISMETHODALLOWSUSTOCOVERAWIDERSAMPLEOFEUROPEANUNIONBANKSBYINCL
6、UDINGALSOBANKSWHICHARENOTLISTEDONTHESTOCKMARKETBUILDINGONEARLIERUSWORKWEALSOEXAMINETHEIMPACTOFSTRATEGICSIMILARITIESBETWEENBIDDERSANDTARGETSONPOSTMERGERFINANCIALPERFORMANCETHEANALOGYWITHTHEUSBANKINGSECTORSEEMSTOBEAUSEFULONE,ASINTHISCOUNTRYANIMPORTANTPROCESSOFBANKINGCONSOLIDATIONANDINTERSTATEEXPANSION
7、TOOKPLACEFOLLOWINGASTRONGPROCESSOFBANKINGDEREGULATIONINTHELATE1980SANDEARLY1990STHISCANBECOMPAREDTOTHEONGOINGEUROPEANPROCESSOFFINANCIALINTEGRATION,WHICHACCELERATEDWITHTHESINGLEMARKETFORFINANCIALSERVICESINTHEEARLY1990SAND,MOSTRECENTLY,BYTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEEUROTHECONSIDERATIONOFTHESTRATEGICDIMENSIONS
8、EEMSALSOTOBERELEVANTINDEED,RECENTSTUDIESHAVEPROVIDEDANINTERESTINGCONTRIBUTIONBYSUBSAMPLINGTHEPOPULATIONOFMERGINGBANKS,ACCORDINGTOPRODUCTORMARKETRELATEDNESS,TOANALYZEWHETHERCERTAINSHAREDCHARACTERISTICSAMONGMERGINGINSTITUTIONSCOULDCREATEORDESTROYSHAREHOLDERVALUEORPERFORMANCEBYANDLARGE,THEMAINCONCLUSIO
9、NOFTHESESTUDIESISTHATWHILEMERGERSAMONGBANKSSHOWINGSUBSTANTIALELEMENTSOFGEOGRAPHICALORPRODUCTRELATEDNESSCREATEVALUE,DISSIMILARITIESTENDTODESTROYOVERALLSHAREHOLDERVALUEUNLIKERESULTSFROMMOSTOFTHEUSBASEDEVENTSTUDIESLITERATURE,WEFOUNDTHATTHEREAREIMPROVEMENTSINPERFORMANCEINTHEEUROPEANUNIONAFTERTHEMERGERHA
10、STAKENPLACEPARTICULARLYINTHECASEOFCROSSBORDERMASBYMAKINGTHEASSUMPTIONTHATBALANCESHEETRESOURCEALLOCATIONISINDICATIVEOFTHESTRATEGICFOCUSOFBANKS,WEALSOFINDTHATDOMESTICANDCROSSBORDERMERGERSAREVERYDIFFERENTINTERMSOFWHETHERDISSIMILARORSIMILARBANKSSUCCEEDINMERGERSONAVERAGE,WEFOUNDTHATCONSISTENCYONTHEEFFICI
11、ENCYANDDEPOSITSSTRATEGIESOFMERGINGPARTNERSAREPERFORMANCEENHANCINGBOTHFORDOMESTICANDCROSSBORDERMASFORDOMESTICMERGERSWEALSOFOUNDSUPPORTONTHENEGATIVEEFFECTSOFDISSIMILARITIESINEARNINGS,LOANANDDEPOSITSTRATEGIESONPERFORMANCEYET,DIFFERENCESINTHECAPITALISATIONANDINVESTMENTINTECHNOLOGYANDFINANCIALINNOVATIONO
12、FMERGINGINSTITUTIONSWEREFOUNDTOENHANCEPERFORMANCEFORCROSSBORDERMAS,DIVERSITYINTHEIRLOANANDCREDITRISKSSTRATEGIESIMPROVEDPERFORMANCEOFTHEMERGINGBANKS,WHILEDIVERSITYINTHEIRCAPITALISATION,TECHNOLOGYANDFINANCIALINNOVATIONSTRATEGIESARENEGATIVEFROMAPERFORMANCEPERSPECTIVETHISRENDERSSUPPORTTOTHEOFTENSTATEDDI
13、FFICULTIESININTEGRATINGINSTITUTIONSWITHWIDELYDIFFERENTSTRATEGICORIENTATIONTHESEFINDINGSFITWELLWITHTHEPROCESSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONOBSERVEDINRECENTYEARSINEUROPE1INTRODUCTIONANDMOTIVATIONSPEARHEADEDBYTHECREATIONOFTHESINGLEMARKETFORFINANCIALSERVICESAND,MORERECENTLY,BYTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEEURO,ANUNPREC
14、EDENTEDPROCESSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONHASTAKENPLACEINTHEEUROPEANUNIONDURINGTHELATE1990S,THEVOLUMEANDNUMBEROFMERGERSANDACQUISITIONSMASINCREASEDINPARALLELWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFMONETARYUNIONCHART1ACCORDINGTOMOSTBANKERSANDACADEMICS,HOWEVER,THEPROCESSOFBANKINGINTEGRATIONSEEMSFARFROMCOMPLETEDANDISEXPECTEDT
15、OCONTINUERESHAPINGTHEEUROPEANFINANCIALLANDSCAPEINTHEYEARSTOCOMEFIRST,MANYOFTHEFORCESUNDERPINNINGTHISCONSOLIDATIONPROCESSSUCHASTHEEFFECTOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEANDFINANCIALGLOBALISATIONWILLCONTINUETOEXISTSECOND,THENUMBEROFBANKSPER1,000INHABITANTSINTHEEUROPEANUNIONISALMOSTDOUBLETHENUMBERINTHEUNITEDSTATES
16、,SUGGESTINGTHATTHEREISROOMFORCONSOLIDATIONINTHEEUROPEANUNIONTHIRD,THEREISSTILLACONSIDERABLEDEGREEOFHETEROGENEITYACROSSEUROPEANUNIONCOUNTRIESINTERMSOFTHECONCENTRATIONOFBANKSASINOTHERINDUSTRIES,THISPROCESSOFCONSOLIDATIONINTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYHASATTRACTEDSUBSTANTIALATTENTIONFROMMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSINA
17、DDITION,THEPIVOTALROLEPLAYEDBYTHEBANKINGSECTORINTHEECONOMYHASALSOENSUREDADDITIONALINTERESTFROMBORROWERS,DEPOSITORSANDPOLICYMAKERSALIKEONEOFTHECONCERNSFORPOLICYMAKERSISTHEPOSSIBLEIMPACTOFCONSOLIDATIONONTHETRANSMISSIONMECHANISMSOFMONETARYPOLICYTHEIMPACTOFBANKCONSOLIDATIONONTHETRANSMISSIONOFMONETARYPOL
18、ICYISAMULTIDIMENSIONALISSUEACCORDINGTOMOSTEMPIRICALSTUDIES,ANINCREASEINBANKINGCONCENTRATIONTENDSTODRIVELOANRATESUPINMANYLOCALMARKETSTHEREBYPROBABLYHAMPERING,TOSOMEEXTEND,THEPASSTHROUGHFROMMARKETTOBANKLENDINGRATESONTHEOTHERHAND,INTERMSOFQUANTITIES,EARLYCONCERNSABOUTLOANSUPPLYRESTRICTIONSTOSMALLANDMED
19、IUMENTERPRISESARISINGFROMBANKCONCENTRATIONSEEMTOHAVEBEENEXAGGERATEDINTERMSOFMETHODOLOGY,THEHANDFULOFEUROPEANSTUDIESANALYSINGTHEEFFECTOFBANKCONSOLIDATIONONPERFORMANCETENDSTOFOLLOWTWOMAINKINDSOFEMPIRICALMETHODSACOMPARISONOFPREANDPOSTMERGERPERFORMANCE,ORANEVENTSTUDYTYPEMETHODOLOGYBASEDONPRICESOFSPECIFI
20、CFINANCIALMARKETASSETSSURPRISINGLY,WHILETHEREISAMYRIADOFEMPIRICALSTUDIESINTHEUNITEDSTATESDEVOTEDTOTHEISSUEOFBANKINGCONSOLIDATION,THEREISAPAUCITYOFSTUDIESINTHEEUROPEANUNIONSEEBERGERETAL,1999INTHISRESPECT,THEFIRSTSETOFSTUDIESEVALUATESTHEEFFECTSOFBANKMERGERSCOMPARINGPREANDPOSTMERGERPERFORMANCEBYMEASURI
21、NGPERFORMANCEUSINGEITHERACCOUNTINGORPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYINDICATORSANIMPORTANTSTARTINGPOINTFORTHISLATTERGROUPISTHATTHELATESTEMPIRICALSTUDIESMEASURINGBANKEFFICIENCYSHOWTHATSCALEECONOMIESSEEMTOEXISTINTHEBANKINGSECTORINTHEUNITEDSTATESANDEUROPETHISFINDINGTENTATIVELYSUGGESTSTHATIMPROVEMENTSINEFFICIENCYCOU
22、LDBEEXPECTEDFROMBANKINGMERGERSSEEHUMPHREYANDVALE,2003SURPRISINGLY,THEMAJORITYOFSTUDIESCOMPARINGPREANDPOSTMERGERPERFORMANCEFINDSTHATTHESEPOTENTIALEFFICIENCYGAINSDERIVEDFROMSIZERARELYMATERIALISESEEPILOFF,1994,ANDBERGER,DEMSETZANDSTRAHAN,1999APOSSIBLERATIONALEFORTHISPUZZLECOULDBETHATSOMEEFFICIENCYGAINS
23、MIGHTTAKEALONGTIMETOACCRUESEEFOCARELLIANDPANETTA,2003MORESPECIFICALLY,WHILESOMEEFFICIENCIESSUCHASTHOSEDERIVEDFROMRISKDIVERSIFICATIONORTHEBENEFITSOFBRANDNAMECANBEACCRUEDINTHESHORTRUN,OTHERSSUCHASTHEBENEFITSDERIVEDFROMCOSTREDUCTIONSORTHEMAJORITYOFSCOPEECONOMIESMIGHTTAKELONGERTOMATERIALISETHISISPROBABL
24、YDUETOTHEDIFFICULTIESOFINTEGRATINGBROADLYDISSIMILARINSTITUTIONSSEEVANDERVENNET,2002ALLOTHERTHINGSBEINGEQUAL,ACOMBINATIONOFFIRMSWITHDIFFERENTCULTUREANDSTRATEGICCHARACTERISTICSISEXPECTEDTOBEFOLLOWEDBYDIFFICULTIESASSOCIATED,AMONGOTHERTHINGS,WITHCLASHESBETWEENCORPORATECULTURESTHATCOULDHINDERPERFORMANCEA
25、PARALLELSTRANDOFTHELITERATUREUSESEVENTSTUDYMETHODOLOGY,ANDTYPICALLYTRIESTOASCERTAINWHETHERTHEANNOUNCEMENTOFTHEBANKMERGERCREATESSHAREHOLDERVALUENORMALLYINTHEFORMOFCUMULATEDABNORMALSTOCKMARKETRETURNSFORTHETARGET,THEBIDDERANDTHECOMBINEDENTITYSHAREHOLDERSTHEUNDERLYINGHYPOTHESISOFTHESETYPESOFSTUDIESISTHA
26、TEXCESSRETURNSAROUNDANNOUNCEMENTDAYCOULDEXPLAINTHECREATIONOFVALUEASSOCIATEDTOTHEMERGERFOLLOWINGTHISPROCEDURE,MOSTUSSTUDIESTENDTOFINDTHATBANKSMERGERSCOULDCREATESHAREHOLDERVALUEONLYFORTHETARGETINSTITUTIONSHAREHOLDERS,NORMALLYATTHEEXPENSEOFTHEBIDDINGINSTITUTIONSEE,EGHOUSTONANDRYNGAERT,1994ANDBERGER,DEM
27、SETZANDSTRAHAN,1999BYCONTRAST,THEHANDFULOFCROSSCOUNTRYEUROPEANSTUDIESCONDUCTEDTODATE,FINDSTHATBANKSMERGERSANDACQUISITIONSACCRUESIGNIFICANTSTOCKMARKETVALUATIONGAINSFORBOTHTHETARGETANDBIDDERSEECYBOOTTONEANDMURGIA,2000RECENTSTUDIESHAVEPROVIDEDANINTERESTINGCONTRIBUTIONBYSUBSAMPLINGTHEPOPULATIONOFMERGING
28、BANKS,ACCORDINGTOPRODUCTORMARKETRELATEDNESS,TOANALYSEWHETHERCERTAINSHAREDCHARACTERISTICSAMONGMERGINGINSTITUTIONSCOULDCREATEORDESTROYSHAREHOLDERVALUEORPERFORMANCEBYANDLARGE,THEMAINCONCLUSIONOFTHESESTUDIESISTHATWHILEMERGERSAMONGBANKSSHOWINGSUBSTANTIALELEMENTSOFGEOGRAPHICALORPRODUCTRELATEDNESSCREATEVAL
29、UE,DISSIMILARITIESTENDTODESTROYOVERALLSHAREHOLDERVALUESEEAMIHUD,DELONGANDSAUNDERS,2002,ANDHOUSTONANDRYNGAERT,1994AFEWSTUDIESLOOKINGATACTUALAFTERMERGERFINANCIALPERFORMANCEHAVEALSOCONSIDEREDWHETHERTHEEXISTENCEOFCOMMONBANKCHARACTERISTICSAMONGMERGINGPARTNERSCOULDBECONDUCIVETOIMPROVEDPERFORMANCEHOWEVER,V
30、ERYLITTLEEFFORTHASBEENDIRECTEDTOWARDSUNDERSTANDINGPERFORMANCEDIFFERENCESTHATOCCURWITHINEACHTYPEOFMERGERANDHOWTHEDEGREEOFRELATEDNESSAMONGMERGINGFIRMSAFFECTSPOSTMERGERPERFORMANCEWEATTEMPTTOADDRESSTHISISSUEANDANALYSETHEFACTORSTHATAREEXPECTEDTOINFLUENCETHESUCCESSOFMASBYCONSIDERINGWHETHERTHEMERGEROFFIRMS
31、WITHSIMILARSTRATEGICORIENTATIONCOULDLEADTOHIGHERPROFITABILITYOURANALYSISFOLLOWSTHEPERSPECTIVESOFEVOLUTIONARYECONOMICTHEORIES,PARTICULARLYTHESTRATEGICMANAGEMENTANDRESOURCEBASEDVIEWOFTHEFIRMUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONTHATFINANCIALDATAFROMINDIVIDUALBANKSREFLECTSTHESTRATEGICPROFILEOFMERGINGINSTITUTIONSTHISSTUDYA
32、IMSTOFILLAGAP,ASTHEHANDFULOFEMPIRICALSTUDIESINTHISAREAISUSBASEDSPECIFICEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFROMTHEEUROPEANBANKINGSYSTEMISCRUCIALSINCETHEUSEXPERIENCECANNOTBEAUTOMATICALLYAPPLIEDTOTHEEUROPEANENVIRONMENTWHEREONECANOBSERVE,FOREXAMPLE,ASUBSTANTIALLYDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONALREALITY2STRATEGICFITANDPERFORMANCEACL
33、EARCONCLUSIONFROMTHEABOVEDISCUSSIONOFTHEMAEMPIRICALLITERATUREISTHEIMPORTANCEOFPRODUCTANDGEOGRAPHICALSIMILARITIESFORPOSTMERGERPERFORMANCETOINVESTIGATETHISISSUEFURTHER,WEBORROWOURMODELFROMTHESTRATEGICMANAGEMENTLITERATUREBYFOCUSINGONTHESTRATEGICFEATURESOFFINANCIALFIRMSENGAGEDINMAACTIVITYSTRATEGISTSHAVE
34、LONGRECOGNISEDTHATTHESTRATEGICFITAMONGMERGINGPARTNERSISACRITICALELEMENTINDETERMININGTHESUCCESSORFAILUREOFADEALLEVINEANDAARONOVITCH1981ANDLUBATKIN1983WEREAMONGTHEFIRSTTOSTRESSTHEIMPORTANCEOFSTUDYINGTHESTRATEGICANDORGANISATIONALASPECTSOFMAACTIVITYWHILETHESAMEVIEWWASECHOEDNEARLY20YEARSLATERBYZOLLO1997F
35、ORTHEFINANCIALSECTOR,THEREHAVEONLYBEENAHANDFULOFSTUDIESALLUSBASEDEXAMININGTHESEASPECTSOFMAACTIVITYTHESESTUDIESANALYSETHEIMPACTOFSTRATEGICSIMILARITIESINBANKMERGERSONBANKPERFORMANCE,BYASSOCIATINGTHERESOURCEALLOCATIONPATTERNSASINDICATORSOFTHEUNDERLYINGSTRATEGIESPURSUEDBYUSBANKSENGAGEDINHORIZONTALMERGER
36、SITISBROADLYFOUNDTHATSTRATEGICSIMILARITIESBETWEENTARGETANDBIDDERSIMPROVEPERFORMANCE,PROVIDINGGENERALSUPPORTTOTHEVIEWTHATMERGERSBETWEENSTRATEGICALLYSIMILARFIRMSARELIKELYTOPROVIDEGREATERBENEFITSTHANMERGERSINVOLVINGORGANISATIONSTHATPURSUEDIFFERENTSTRATEGIESTHISPAPERAIMSTOEXPANDONAVAILABLEEVIDENCEBYINVE
37、STIGATINGHOWSTRATEGICSIMILARITIESCALCULATEDFROMBANKSBALANCESHEETDATAAMONGMERGINGBANKSINTHEEUROPEANUNIONHAVEIMPACTEDBANKPERFORMANCEFROM1992TO2001THEINTERESTOFTHISPARTICULAREXERCISEISMULTIDIMENSIONALFIRST,THEISSUEOFSTRATEGICSIMILARITY,EMPHASIZEDINDIRECTLYBYOTHERSTRANDSOFTHELITERATUREISADDRESSEDDIRECTL
38、YINTHEEUROPEANUNIONSECOND,BYANALYSINGBOTHDOMESTICANDCROSSBORDERMERGERDATAWEASSESSNOTONLYTHEDIFFERENCESINCORPORATECULTUREBETWEENTARGETSANDBIDDERS,BUTALSOTHEIMPACTOFNATIONALCULTUREDISSIMILARITIESINPOSTMERGERPERFORMANCETHIRD,BYUSINGAWIDESAMPLEWEARELIKELYTOCOVERALARGERPARTOFTHEUNDERLYINGPROCESSOVERALL,B
39、YCONSIDERINGTHEDYNAMICSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATION,WEALSOENHANCEOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHERECENTDRASTICCHANGESTHATHAVEAFFECTEDTHEEUROPEANUNIONFINANCIALSTRUCTUREINRECENTYEARSSOURCEYENERALTUNBAS,DAVIDMARQUSIBEZ,2004”MERGERSANDACQUISITIONSANDBANKPERFORMANCEINEUROPE”EUROPEANCENTRALBANKWORKINGPAPERSERIESNO398/OC
40、TOBERPP434译文欧洲并购与银行业绩非技术性总结20世纪90年代,虽然跨国并购活动仍然局限于银行业体系,但欧盟依然发生了一个非常大的并购整合过程。由于银行一般在信用体系和整体经济中扮演了至关重要的角色,因此并购整合的过程已经引起了不仅是企业管理人员与股东,还有借款人及决策者的广泛关注。虽然在美国有广泛的对财务合并影响的经验证据,但实证文献在欧洲仍然有限。本文旨在阐明欧盟银行业合并的过程。从方法论方面来看,对银行合并业绩影响的研究分析中,大多倾向于两个主要种类的实证方法。其中一个方法是有些研究是比较合并前与合并后的业绩;另一个是,其他一些实证文献采用事件研究型方法,它是在合并公告的具体时间
41、内对金融市场资产价格的变动进行分析。为此,迄今开展的跨越欧洲的很多研究采用了事件研究型方法,旨在说明银行业间的并购为了获得战略目标和投标者而积累了极高的股票市值。(参见CYBOOTTONE和MURGIA,2000年)我们通过第一种方法并使用1992年到2001年实际欧盟银行的全面样本,来比较它们合并前与合并后的业绩。通过使用这种方法使我们能涵盖到面更广的欧盟银行,还包括未上市的银行。在早前美国实验基础上我们还研究战略相似性在投标者与目标者合并前后业绩的影响。美国的银行业似乎是一个很有用的例子,美国的洲际扩张与银行间极为重要的大合并过程是在20世纪80年代末和90年代初的银行放松管制之后发生的。
42、这可以和正在进行的欧洲金融一体化比较,欧洲一体化加速了1990年代初期单一市场的金融服务,特别是最近,又引进了欧元。在战略方面考虑似乎也具有相似性。最近的研究通过对银行合并的二次抽样,提出了一个有趣的发现,根据产品和市场关联性去分析在合并的机构中某些共同的特征是能够创造还是削弱股东价值和业绩。和许多美国早期的文献研究结果不同,特别是在欧盟发生的那些跨国并购案件中,我们发现在并购后这些机构的业绩都有所提高。通过假设机构资产负债的资源配置是银行战略策划的重心,我们还发现无论是国内并购还是跨国并购,就相似或不相似银行间的成功合并案例来看,结果都是不同的。平均来看,我们发现无论是国内与跨国合并中具有一
43、致的效率和存款战略的合并伙伴,都能取得并购后业绩的提高。国内合并中,我们还发现不同机构并购中在业绩收入、贷款和存款战略几方面存在消极效果。然而,在资本、技术投资、金融创新的机构并购中,其业绩却在提高。在跨国并购中,并购银行的贷款和信贷风险策略的多样性提高了银行的业绩,然而他们的资本、技术和金融创新战略却使业绩降低。这说明了多数持并购机构间由于迥然不同的战略定位而产生许多困难的观点成立。这些发现正好适合最近几年在欧洲观察到的金融并购过程。介绍与动机率先由单一金融服务市场的创造,再加上最近欧元的引进,使欧盟发生了一场前所未有的金融并购过程。在20世纪90年代后期,企业并购数量、体积结构的增加的同时
44、,欧洲也开始了货币一体化。根据众多银行家和学者的说法,尽管银行业的一体化进程似乎远远没有完成,但预计在今后几年其仍会继续重塑欧洲金融环境。首先,许多力量支撑着这一并购的过程比如技术变化的影响和金融全球化,他们将继续存在着。第二,在欧盟,每1000个居民的银行数目几乎是是美国的两倍,这表明了在欧盟有足够的空间进行并购。第三,欧盟国家在银行的集中度上仍然有相当程度的不均匀性。像其他行业的并购整合,在银行业的并购中已经吸引了从管理人员与股东的大量注意力。此外,银行业对经济最重要的作用是确保借款人、存款人和决策者的额外收益。决策者关注的一个问题是货币政策的传导机制对并购的影响。银行合并对货币政策传导机
45、制的影响是多方面的问题。根据大多数实证研究,随着银行集中度的提高导致了许多地区当地贷款利率的提高,但在一定程度上却阻碍了银行借款利率的提高。另一方面,就数量而言,早期就中小企业因银行集中度而受到贷款供应的限制是过于夸大了。就方法论而言,一些分析银行合并对其业绩的影响的欧洲研究往往遵循两种主要经验方法一种是比较合并前后的业绩,另一种是建立在对特定金融市场资产价格上的事件研究型方法。令人惊讶的是,虽然在美国专门关于银行合并有无数的实证研究,但在欧盟却极为贫乏。(参见BERGERET,1999年)在这一方面,第一阶段研究是通过测量业绩是使用会计还是生产效率指标来评估银行合并前后业绩的影响。后一阶段研
46、究一个重要起点是,最新测量银行效率的实证研究表明了美国和欧洲的银行业存在着规模经济。这一调查结果初步表明,可以期望从银行的合并中获得效率的提高。(参见HUMPHREY和VALE,2003年)令人惊讶的是,大量通过比较合并前后业绩的研究却发现,从取得的收益中很少能够获得潜在效率。(参见PILOFF,1994年,BERGER,DEMSETZ和STRAHAN,1999年)关于这个难题一个可能的理由是一些效率需要花很长时间来积累获得。(参见FOCARELLI和PANETTA,2003年)更确切地说,虽然一些效率(例如那些从风险分散化、品牌名称或派生的好处)能够在短期内获得,其他的比如从降低成本或范围经
47、济所带来的好处可能需要花更长的时间去实现。这可能是由于不同机构间广泛合并存在困难。(参见VANDERVENNET,2002年)带有不同文化背景与战略特征的公司组合,在其他方面条件平等的情况下,会遇到共同的难题,这些问题产生于由于企业间文化冲突并会阻碍其业绩。许多一系列的文献都运用了事件研究型方法,通常试图确定宣布合并的银行能够为战略目标、投标人和合并后的股东创造股东价值。(通常是积累异常股票市值回报的形式)研究报告基本假设的类型是围绕发布日超额收益来解释由于合并创造的相关价值。按照这一程序,大多数美国的研究发现,银行的合并只能为目标机构的股东创造股东价值,而费用只会发生在招标机构。(参见HOU
48、STON和RYNGAERT,1994年,BERGER,DEMSETZ和STRAHAN,1999年)相比之下,迄今为止进行的为数不多的跨国研究发现,银行合并能够为目标机构和投标机构获得显著的股票市场价值收益。(参见CYBOOTTONE和MURGIA,2000年)最近的研究通过对银行合并的二次抽样,提出了一个有趣的发现,根据产品和市场关联性去分析在合并的机构中某些共同的特征是能够创造还是削弱股东价值和业绩。总的来说这些研究的主要结论是,虽然银行合并的地理与产品相关性这两个实质元素能够创造价值,但差异性却能毁坏整体股东价值。(参见AMIHUD,DELONG和SAUNDERS,2002年,HOUSTO
49、N和RYNGAERT,1994年)一些研究在观察合并后的财务业绩时能够考虑到是否其合并伙伴存在着有利于改善业绩的共同银行特征。然而,很少有努力直接针对理解每个合并类型发生的业绩差异以及合并企业间关联性程度对其合并后财务业绩的影响。我们试图解决这一问题并分析考虑了是否具有相似战略定位且能导致更高利润的合并企业存在可能影响合并成功的因素。我们的分析遵循经济理论的角度,特别是在战略管理与企业进化观点的假设下,从单个银行的财务数据中反映了合并机构的战略概括。本研究的目的是填补美国在这一领域为数不多的实证研究的一个空缺。从欧洲银行系统得到的具体实证证据是至关重要的,因为美国的经验不能自动适应于欧洲环境,比如,人们可以观察到一个大大不同的制度现实。2战略配合与业绩从上面并购的实证文献讨论中一个明确的结论是,产品和地域的相似性对于合并后的公司业绩存在着重要性。为了更进一步调查这一问题,我们借用战略管理文献中的模型,讲注意力集中在并购活动中具有战略特点的金融企业。战略家们早就意识到,合并伙伴间的“战略配合”是决定交易成功或失败的最关键因素。LEVINE,AARONOVITCH(1981年)和LUBATKIN1983年是最早强调学习并购活动战略和组织方面重要性的学者。而同样的看法是出现在几乎20年后金融业的ZOLLO1997年,目前仅有极少数的研究,而都是在美国的基础上,全