1、 外文翻译 原文 Foreign Trade of China Material Source: Wanfang Database Author: Hitomi Iizaka 1. Introduction On December 11, 2001, China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) and became its 143rd member. Chinas presence in the world economy will continue to grow and deepen. The foreign trad
2、e sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in Chinas economic development. At the same time, Chinas expanded role in the world economy is beneficial to all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and more varieties of imported consumer goods, raw materials and
3、intermediate products. China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment, the outcome is fundamentally a win-win situation. In this paper we would like to provide a survey of the various institu
4、tions, laws and characteristics of Chinas trade. Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: In 2001, total trade to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio in China is 44% In 2001, 47% of Chinese trade is processed trade1 In 2001, 51% of Chinese trade is conducted by foreign firms in Chin
5、a2 In 2001, 36% of Chinese exports originate from Guangdong province In 2001, 39% of Chinas exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2. Evolution of Chinas Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of Chinas exports and imports. Table 2a shows China
6、s annual export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time. In 1980, primary goods accounted for 50.3% of Chinas exports and manufactured goods accounted for 49.7%. Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of 1980s, it remains at 50.6% in 1985. Since
7、then, exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much faster rate than exports of primary goods. As a result, the share of manufactured goods increased to 90.1%, and that of primary good decreased to 9.9% by 2001. Also shown in those tables are five subgroups for manufactured goods and primary go
8、ods. Chinas export was highly dependent on its exports of coal, petroleum, and petroleum products until mid-80s. The large export volume of petroleum was also supported by a sharp rise in oil prices during the period. In 1985, the share of mineral fuels is 26.1%. In 1986, the sudden decline in the s
9、hare of primary goods in total exports occurs, which is largely associated with the decline in the export volume of mineral fuels. The price reforms coupled with the declined world petroleum price areattributable to the decline. Domestic agriculture production expanded during the 1980s in response t
10、o the higher prices through the price reforms and more opportunities given to the producers to market their products. Although the share of food and live animals in total exports has declined over time, China has become a net exporter of such products since 1984. Turning to the manufactured goods, t
11、he large increase in the share of the manufactured goods in the total exports since mid-80s is largely accounted for by the increase in the export in the textile category and the miscellaneous products category. These two groups include labor-intensive products such as textiles, apparel, footwear, a
12、nd toys and sporting goods. During the 1990s, the category that exhibited the most significant surge in exports is machinery and transport equipment. Its share expanded from 9.0% in 1990 to 35.7 % in 2001. 3. Chinas Processing Trade and Trade by Foreign Invested Firms China established the legal fra
13、mework for processing and assembly arrangements in 1979. Since then, China has built up considerable strengths in assembling and processing of industrial parts and components. It covers a wide range of industries such as electric machinery, automobile, aerospace, and shipbuilding. Table 3a and Table
14、 3b demonstrate the amount of processing exports and imports and the importance of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) in such forms of trade for 1995-2001. Throughout the period from 1995 to 2001, the shares of these two types of processing exports exceed more than
15、 half of Chinas total exports. In 2001，processing exports account for 55.4% of the total exports. As is seen in Table 3a, process & assembling was dominated by SOEs in 1995. However, the trend has been changing. The share of SOEs in process & assembling has been steadily declining over the years fro
16、m 84% in 1995 to 62% in 2001. The other type of trade, process with imported materials was largely conducted by FIEs and their shares have been gradually increasing from 81% in 1995 to 88% in 2001. In Chinas imports (see Table 3b), processing trade is relatively small compared to exports. After it p
17、eaked at 49% in 1997, processed imports decline to 39% in 2001. The decreasing importance of SOEs can be seen in Chinas imports as well. Shares by SOEs decreased from 81% in 1995 to 58% in 2001 for process & assembling, and from 18% to 7% for process with imported materials. The decreased role for S
18、OEs in processing trade may reflect the inefficiency in conducting their business. Since 1997, the Chinese government decided to implement the shareholding system and to sell a large number of medium- and small-sized SOEs to the private sector. A number of larger enterprise groups will be establishe
19、d in various industries through mergers, acquisitions, and leasing and contracting. The restructuring of SOEs is intended to increase profits and to improve their competitive edge. 4. Chinas Trade by Provinces and Regions A regional breakdown of exports and imports reveals important characteristics
20、of the foreign trade in China. In 1997, 89.1% of the total exports came from the Eastern region of China (Beijing, Tianjin, Heibei, Lioaning, Guangxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shangdong, Guandong and Hainan). Within the East, the Southeast region accounts for 76.3% of Chinas exports in 1
21、997.4 Guangdong alone produces 41.6% of the total exports for the same year. Such regional imbalances in exporting activities persist to the present day. In 2001, Guandongs share of the national exports is 36.0%. For the Southeast and the East, the shares are respectively 79.0% and 91.1%. This imbal
22、ance of the regional growth in foreign trade may partially be attributed to the various geographic-specific and sequential open-door policies China has exercised throughout the last twenty years. The strong growth of the export sector in the coastal area has been supported by the massive use of fore
23、ign direct investment (FDI). FDI was first attracted by the creation of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ). FDI was concentrated in the provinces of the Southeast coast, namely, Guandong and Fujian. The multinational enterprises that are export-oriented or use advanced technologies are able to enjoy v
24、arious preferential policies in the SEZs, such as reduced or exempted corporate income tax, exemption from import tariffs on imported equipment and raw materials. In 1984, fourteen coastal cities were opened and were granted similar policies as SEZs. Out of those fourteen cities, ten are located in
25、the Southeast coast regions and four are in the rest of the Eastern regions. Furthermore in 1985, similar preferential policies were granted to other coastal economic regions, Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Minnan Delta which is to the south of Fujian. In 1990, Pudong in Shanghai was ope
26、ned and was granted extensive preferential policies. Since 1984, the Chinese government established thirty-two national-level Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZs) . The share of exports in The Yangtze River Delta, the home of Shanghai and two provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang has grown
27、 steadily during the period 1997 to 2001. The share of those three regions grew to 10.1%, 11.0%, and 9.1% in 2001 from 8.1%, 7.9% and 5.9% in 1997, respectively. As the role of high-tech industry becomes more significant in Chinas output and Chinas comparative advantage in skilled-labor and capital-
28、intensive industries becomes higher, the Yangtze River Delta becomes a new magnet for investment by foreign enterprises. These foreign investments in turn lead to more export and trade. 5. Foreign Trade by Major World Regions Using Chinas official statistics, Table 4a and 4b highlight merchandise ex
29、ports and imports to and from major world regions for 1993 - 2001: Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania. As we see from Table 4a, Chinas most important export region has always been Asia, which absorbs 53% of Chinas exports in 2001. However, their share of absorption declin
30、es from almost 62%, their peak level of 1995. The importance of North America and Europe in Chinas exports, however, has been increasing since 1998. In 2001, North America takes in more than 22% of exports and Europe takes in more than 18%. 6. Chinas Merchandise Exports and Imports by Major Trading
31、Partners Table 5a and Table 5b document Chinas merchandise exports to and imports from its major trading partners, using Chinas official statistics. According to Table 5a, the major exports markets for China in 2001 are: the United States (20.4%), Hong Kong (17.5%), Japan (16.9%) and the European Un
32、ion (15.4%). It is well-known that a large proportion of Chinese exports to Hong Kong are re-exported elsewhere so that the true size of the Hong Kong export market has to be estimated. To save space for this paper, we will just rely on the official Chinese figures.6 Even without adjusting for re-ex
33、ports, the United States in 2001 is the largest export market for China. Thus, from an international trade perspective alone, the most important bilateral trade relationship for China is the relationship with the United States. Together the United States, Hong Kong, Japan and the European Union take
34、 in 70.2% of Chinas exports in 2001. Within ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), Singapore has been the largest export market for China. In 2001, 31.5% of Chinas total exports to ASEAN is destined for Singapore. Within the European Union (EU), Germany is the largest market with 23.8% of t
35、he total Chinese exports going to the EU. 9. Conclusion In the future, we see that there are at least two challenges facing China in the area of international trade. First, with Chinas competitiveness growing, many countries will perceive that their producers will not be able to compete with the Chi
36、nese exports, either in the third market or in their own domestic market. The backlash will take the form of an increased use of anti-dumping duties and safeguards. We have already seen the use of such trade instruments against China from a variety of countries, including Japan, the European Union a
37、nd the United States. A relatively new development is that even developing countries such as India and Mexico are using anti-dumping measures against Chinese exports to their countries. The difficulty with anti-dumping duties is that they are generally WTO-consistent. Thus joining the WTO does not m
38、ean that other countries will reduce their use of anti-dumping duties against China. A second challenge facing China is how to manage its trade relationship with the United States. The United States is the largest economy on earth. The United States is Chinas largest export market. It is also a crit
39、ical source of technology. A stable and healthy relationship with the United States is important for Chinas economic development. It is always a difficult adjustment process for countries to accept a newly emergent economic power. The United States as well as other countries may perceive China as a
40、potential economic threat. Judging from the experience of the relationship between the United States and a rising Japan in the 1970s and the 1980s, it will not be too hard to imagine that there will be difficulties in the trade relationship between the United States and China. Managing and smoothing
41、 such a relationship should be an important goal for China. 译文 中国的对外贸易 资料来源 : 万 方数据库 作者： Hitomi Iizaka 1、 简介 2001 年 12 月 11 日，中国正式加入世界贸易组织（ WTO），成为其第 143个成员，中国在世界经济中的作用将继续增强和深化。对外贸易对中国经济发展起着重要的和多方面的作用。与此同时，中国在世界经济中的扩长有利于所有的贸易伙伴，中国的区域贸易有利于各种各样更便宜的消费品、原材料和中间产品的进口。中国也是一个巨大的出口市场。任何主要贸易国的进入可以在全球贸易系统中创建一个
42、调整的过程，其结果基本上是一个双赢的局面。在本文中，我们想提供各机构有关中国法律和贸易特点的一个调查。根据相关调查结果，我们可以强调以下内容： 2001 年，中国的贸易总额占国内生产总值（ GDP）的比例为 44%。 2001 年，中国 47%的贸易是加工贸易。 2001 年，中国 51%的贸易是由外资企业创造的。 2001 年，中国 36%的出口由广东省创造。 2001 年，中国 39%的出口通过香港再出口。 2、中国贸易体制的演变 中国 进出口 商品构成的变化 同样显著。 表 2a 显示了中国 逐年的 初级产品 和制成品 的 年出口量。 1980 年，初级产品占中国出口的 50.3%， 工
43、业制成品占中国出口的 49.7%。 尽管在八十年代前期初级产品的份额有所下降 ， 但是在 1985年 仍然占 50.6%。 自那以 后 ，工业制成品的出口比初级产品出口 以 更快的速度增长 。 结果 到 2001 年， 制成品的份额提高到 90.1%，而 初级产品 下降 到 9.9%。 3、中国的加工贸易和外商投资企业的贸易 中国于 1979 年建立了加工和装配安排 的法律框架。从那时起，中国已 在 装配 和 零部件加工业 取得 相当大的优势。它广泛 的 涵盖了如 机电 ，汽车，航空航天，造船等行业。表 3a 和表 3b 显示了 从 1995 到 2001 年， 加工 出口和进口的总量以及 国
44、有企业 (SOEs)和外商投资企业 (FIEs)贸易 方式 的重要性。纵观 1995年至 2001 年期间， 这两种 加工出口 方式占的份额 超过中国出口总额的一半以上。 2001 年，加工出口占出口总额的 55.4%。正如在表 3a， 1995 年，加工 和组装 在 国有企业 占主导地位 。但是，这种趋势一直在变化。装配 业在 国有企业的份额一直在稳步下降，多年来从 1995 年的 84%下降到 2001 年的 62%。 其他类型的贸易，进料 加工 主要是 由 外商投资企业 大部分控制，他们 股票已 经 逐步增加，从 1995 年的 81%增加到 2001 年的 88%。 中国的进口（见表
45、3b） 相较出口 ，加工贸易相对比较小。在 1997 年达到 49%的 高峰后，到 2001 年加工进口下降 到 39%。国有企业的重要性下降 也 可以 在中国的进口中 看出 ，在加工和装配业， 国有企业股份 从 1995 年的 81%下降到 2001 年的 58%， 进料加工而 从 18%下降到 7%。对于国有企业在加工贸易的作用下降可能反映了在开展其业务效率。自 1997 年以来，中 方政府决定推行股份制和 大量 出售中型和小型 的 国有企业的私营部门。 大多 企业集团将通过兼并 、 收 购 、 租赁和承包 在 各 种 行业 设立企业 。国有企业重组的目的是增加利润和提高竞争力。 4、中国
46、 的 省份和地区贸易 进出口的 区域细分揭示了在中国对外贸易的重要特征。 1997 年， 89.1%的出口总值来自中国的东部地区（北京，天津，河北， 南宁 ，广西，上海，江苏，浙江，福建，山东，广东和海南）。在 1997 年，中国 76.3%的出口 到 东南亚 和东亚 地区 。 仅广东省生产就为同年出口总额 的 41.6%，这种 出口区域不平衡持续到今天。 2001 年，广东的全 国出口份额 为 36.0%。对于东南亚和东亚，其 份额 分别为 79.0%和 91.1%。 这种区域对外贸易发展不平衡部分原因可能是由于在各种地理情况和特定的中国已经行使二十年的对外开放政策。沿海地区增长迅速的出口部
47、门已经得到了对外直接投资 (FDI)的支持。 特别经济区（ SEZ）的创建最先吸引了外国直接投资。 外国直接投资主要集中在东南沿海，即广东，福建等省。出口导向型或者使用先进技术的跨国公司可以在经济特区享受各项优惠政策，如减少或免征企业所得税，对进口设备和原材料，免征进口关税。 1984 年， 14 个沿海城市被开辟为经济特 区，并给予同样的政策。对于这十四个城市，十个位于东南沿海，四个位于东部的其它地区。此外，在 1985 年，类似的优惠政策被授予其他沿海经济区，珠江三角洲，长江三角洲和福建南部的闽南三角洲。 1990 年，浦东在上海开放并获得广泛的优惠政策。自 1984 年以来，中国政府成立
48、三十二个国家级经济技术开发区（经济技术开发区） 。 在 1997 至 2001 年期间，上海所依靠的长江三角洲以及江苏和浙江两个省份的出口份额已稳步增长。这三个地区的份额由 1997 年的 8.1%， 7.9%和 5.9%分别增长至 2001 年的 10.1%， 11.0%和 9.1%。高新技术产业对于中国的产量起着更加重要的作用且熟练劳动和资本密集型产业在中国的比较优势中显著增高，成为长江三角洲外国企业投资的新磁铁。 反过来，这些外商投资带来更多的出口和贸易。 5 世界主要区域的对外贸易 使用中国的官方统计，表 4a 和 4b 突出从 1993 -2001 年商品出口和进口的世界主要地区：亚
49、洲，非洲，欧洲，拉丁美洲，北美洲和大洋洲。正如我们从表 4a 看到，中国的最重要的出口地区一直是亚洲，在 2001 年中国的 53%出口为该地区所吸收。然而，与 1995 年的高峰水平相比，亚洲地区的吸收份额几乎下降 62%。然而，在中国出口占据的重要地位的北美和欧洲，自 1998 年以来一直在增加。 2001 年，北美接受超过 22%的中国出口和欧洲接受 18%以上出口。 6 中国商品的进出口的主要贸易伙伴 根据中国的官方统计数据，表 5a 和表 5b 显示中国商品进出口的主要贸易伙伴，根据表五， 2001 年中国的主要出口市场是：美国（ 20.4 ），香港（ 17.5%），日本（ 16.9%）和欧洲联盟（ 15.4%）。众所周知，中国出口香港中的很大一部分是转口其他国家，这样才能进行估算香港出口市场的真实规模。为保留此文件的空间，即使没有转口调整我们只会依 靠官方中国 figures.6， 2001 年美国是中国最大的出口市场。因此，单独从国际贸易角度，中国与美国的关系是最重要的双边经贸关系。 在 2001 年，香港、日本和欧洲联盟加上美国，参加中国70.2%的的出口
