1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文BRANDEXTENSIONSASPECTSOFCONSUMERDECISIONMAKINGABSTRACTAREVIEWOFTHELITERATUREONBRANDEXTENSIONSISOFFERED,FOCUSINGONTHECONDITIONSTHATAFFECTCONSUMERSDECISIONMAKINGSEVERALPERSPECTIVESAREDISCUSSEDINCLUDINGBRANDSTRENGTH,FITANDSIMILARITY,CATEGORIZATIONTHEORY,USEOFCUESINEVALUATION,SEQUENTIALB
2、RANDEXTENSIONS,ANDMODEOFEVALUATIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONOFANEWPRODUCTWITHANESTABLISHEDBRANDNAMECANDRAMATICALLYREDUCETHEINVESTMENTREQUIREDANDIMPROVETHELIKELIHOODOFITSSUCCESSAAKER1990ITISTHEREFORENOTSURPRISINGTHATBRANDEXTENSIONSHAVEBEENTHESTRATEGYOFGROWTHFORMANYFIRMSDURINGTHEPASTDECADESBRANDEXTENSIO
3、NSPROVIDEAVEHICLETOEXPLOITBRANDNAMERECOGNITIONANDBRANDIMAGEASTRONGBRANDNAMECANPROVIDECONSUMERSWITHTHEFAMILIARITYANDKNOWLEDGEOFAREPUTABLEBRANDADDITIONALLY,BRANDEXTENSIONSCANDECREASETHECOSTOFACCESSINGDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSANDMAKEPROMOTIONALEFFORTSMOREEFFICIENTAAKER1991SMITHANDPARK1992TAUBER1988TAUBER198
4、8,P27DEFINESBRANDEXTENSIONAS“USINGABRANDINONECATEGORYTOINTRODUCEPRODUCTSINATOTALLYDIFFERENTCATEGORY“THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOREVIEWTHELITERATUREONBRANDEXTENSIONSTHEBENEFITSATTRIBUTEDTOBRANDEXTENSIONSDERIVEFROMTHEEFFECTSOFTHEBRANDEXTENSIONSTRATEGYONCONSUMERINFORMATIONPROCESSINGANDDECISIONMAKINGTHEREF
5、ORETHISREVIEWISFOCUSEDONTHECONDITIONSTHATAREEXPECTEDTOAFFECTCONSUMERSUSEOFKNOWNBRANDSINDECISIONMAKINGBRANDEXTENSIONLITERATUREACRITICALASSUMPTIONUNDERLYINGTHEUSEOFBRANDEXTENSIONSISTHATSTRONGBRANDSOFFERGREATERLEVERAGEFOREXTENSIONTHANWEAKERBRANDSAAKER1990AAKERANDKELLER1990BRANDSTRENGTHHASBEENIMPLICITLY
6、DEFINEDINTERMSOFCONSUMERPREDISPOSITIONSTOWARDSTHEBRANDMARKETINGSCIENCEINSTITUTE1988ESTABLISHEDBRANDSTENDTOBEUSEDASQUALITYCUESBELLIZZIANDMARTIN1982JACOBY,OLSONANDHADDOCK1973WERNERFELT1988ARECOGNIZABLEBRANDISOFTENRELIEDUPONBYCONSUMERSASASTRATEGYFORDEALINGWITHPERCEIVEDRISKCOX1967ROSELIUS1973AAKERANDKEL
7、LER1990STATE“IFTHEBRANDISASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHQUALITY,THEEXTENSIONSSHOULDBENEFITIFITISASSOCIATEDWITHINFERIORQUALITY,THEEXTENSIONSHOULDBEHARMED“P29SMITHANDPARK1992FOUNDBRANDSTRENGTHTOBEPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOTHEMARKETSHAREOFBRANDEXTENSIONSFITANDSIMILARITYSEVERALAUTHORSHAVESUGGESTEDTHATANEFFECTIVEBRANDEXTENS
8、IONMUSTBEPERCEIVEDASA“FIT“WITHTHEORIGINALBRANDAAKERANDKELLER1990UNIVERSITYOFMINNESOTACONSUMERBEHAVIORSEMINAR1987TAUBER1988FITHASBEENDEFINEDBYTAUBER1988ASTHEEXTENTTOWHICHACONSUMERACCEPTSTHENEWPRODUCTASALOGICALANDEXPECTEDEXTENSIONOFTHEBRANDFOREXAMPLE,HERSHEYSCHOCOLATEPUDDINGWOULDBEREGARDEDASHAVINGAGOO
9、DFITWITHTHEORIGINALBRAND,HERSHEY,WHILEHERSHEYSCHEWINGGUMWOULDNOTAPOORFITBETWEENTHEORIGINALBRANDANDTHEEXTENSIONMAYDIMINISHTHEAPPEALOFTHENEWPRODUCTPOSITIVEATTRIBUTESMAYNOTTRANSFERFROMTHEBRANDTOTHEEXTENSIONTAUBER1988AAKERANDKELLER1990STUDIEDTHREEASPECTSOFFIT1COMPLEMENTARITY,DEFINEDASTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTWO
10、PRODUCTSCANBEUTILIZEDINCOMMONUSAGESITUATIONSORCANTOGETHERSATISFYSOMENEED,EG,GOLFCLUBSANDGOLFBALLS2SUBSTITUTABILITY,ORTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHETWOPRODUCTSCANREPLACETHEOTHERINSATISFYINGTHESAMENEEDIE,POTATOCHIPSANDPRETZELS3TRANSFERABILITY,DEFINEDASTHEEXTENTTOWHICHMANUFACTURERSEXPERTISEINONECATEGORYTRANSFERST
11、OTHEEXTENSIONPRODUCTTHISEXPERTISEINCLUDESPRODUCTIONFACILITIES,EMPLOYEES,ANDTHESKILLSOFTHEFIRMAAKERANDKELLER1990FOUNDTHATNEITHERCOMPLEMENTARITYNORSUBSTITUTABILITYHADSIGNIFICANTMAINEFFECTSINRATINGTHEBRANDEXTENSIONSRATHER,THECOMPLEMENTARITYANDSUBSTITUTABILITYMEASURESINTERACTEDWITHTHEPERCEIVEDQUALITYOFT
12、HEORIGINALBRANDTOPREDICTBRANDEXTENSIONEVALUATIONTRANSFERABILITYIE,PERCEIVEDEXPERTISEOFTHEMANUFACTURERTOMAKETHEEXTENSIONPRODUCTHADADIRECTIMPACTONTHEEVALUATIONOFBRANDEXTENSIONSFOREXAMPLEMCDONALDSPHOTOPROCESSINGCAUSEDSOMESUBJECTSTOCOMMENTTHATMCDONALDSSHOULDREMAININTHEFOODBUSINESSANDHADNOCREDIBILITYASAP
13、HOTOPROCESSORTHEUMCBSEMINAR1987FOUNDTHATPOSITIVERATINGSOFABRANDSEEMTOTRANSFERTOBRANDEXTENSIONSFURTHER,THERESEEMSTOBEGREATERTRANSFEROFAFFECTFROMTHEBRANDTOTHEBRANDEXTENSIONWHENTHEBRANDEXTENSIONWASVERYSIMILARTOTHEORIGINALBRANDPRODUCTCORRELATIONSBETWEENATTITUDETOWARDTHEORIGINALBRANDANDATTITUDETOWARDEXTE
14、NSIONSDECREASEDASTHEDEGREEOFSIMILARITYDECREASEDTHEPROCESSOFAFFECTGENERALIZATIONFROMTHEBRANDTOTHEBRANDEXTENSIONMAYNOTTAKEPLACEWHENTHEEXTENSIONISINSUFFICIENTLYSIMILARTOTHEORIGINALBRANDPARK,MILBERGANDLAWSON1991HYPOTHESIZEDTHATASUCCESSFULBRANDEXTENSIONDEPENDSONCONSUMERPERCEPTIONSOFHOWIT“FITS“BOTHINTERMS
15、OFSIMILARITYANDCONSISTENCYWITHTHEBRANDCONCEPTINTHISSTUDY,PARKETAL1991USEDTWOWELLKNOWNBRANDNAMES,TIMEXANDROLEXBOTHBRANDSAREINTHEWATCHCATEGORYBUTCONVEYVERYDIFFERENTMEANINGSTOCONSUMERSROLEXISASSOCIATEDWITHTHECONCEPTOFLUXURYANDPRESTIGE,WHILETIMEXISASSOCIATEDWITHPRODUCTPERFORMANCEBOTHPRODUCTFEATURESIMILA
16、RITYANDBRANDCONCEPTCONSISTENCYWEREFOUNDTOBEIMPORTANTPREDICTORSOFFAVORABLEREACTIONSTOBRANDEXTENSIONSFURTHER,THEAUTHORSSUGGESTTHATCONCEPTCONSISTENCYMAYHAVEAGREATEREFFECTONTHEPRESTIGEBRANDTHANONTHEFUNCTIONALBRANDCATEGORIZATIONTHEORYANDBRANDEXTENSIONSANUMBEROFSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDCONSUMEREVALUATIONSOFBRAN
17、DEXTENSIONSUSINGTHECONCEPTOFCATEGORIZATIONTHEORYBOUSCHANDLOKEN1991FARQUHAR,HERRANDFAZIO1990HARTMAN,PRICEANDDUNCAN1990KARDESANDALLEN1991ACATEGORYCONTAINSALLTHEINFORMATIONFORACLASSOFOBJECTSCONSIDEREDTOBEEQUIVALENTPEOPLETENDTOORGANIZETHINGSBYCLASSIFYINGTHEMINTODIFFERENTCATEGORIESOBJECTSWITHINACATEGORYS
18、HARECOMMONATTRIBUTESANDCHARACTERISTICSMERVISANDROSCH1981THEMOREASSOCIATIONSANOBJECTHASINCOMMONWITHOTHERCATEGORYMEMBERS,THEMORELIKELYITISTOBEPERCEIVEDASAPROTOTYPICALOFTHATCATEGORYROSCHANDMERVIS1973SMITHANDMEDIN1981INDIVIDUALSPERCEIVEMEMBERSOFACATEGORYTOVARYINTHEDEGREETOWHICHTHEYARETYPICALOFTHECATEGOR
19、YFOREXAMPLE,ASPARROWMAYBEMORETYPICALOFTHECATEGORYBIRDTHANISANOSTRICHINTHECONTEXTOFBRANDEXTENSION,THEDEGREETOWHICHTHEEXTENSIONCANBECATEGORIZEDWITHTHEORIGINALPRODUCTMAYINFLUENCEACCEPTANCEBYTHECONSUMERBOUSCHANDLOKEN1991USEDCATEGORIZATIONTHEORYTOEXPLAINCONSUMEREVALUATIONSOFBRANDEXTENSIONSINTHISSTUDYTHEY
20、EXAMINETHEEFFECTOFBRANDCATEGORYBREADTHANDBRANDEXTENSIONTYPICALITYONEXTENSIONEVALUATIONSWHENABRANDNAMEISASSOCIATEDWITHADIVERSENUMBEROFPRODUCTSINDIFFERENTPRODUCTCATEGORIES,ITISCONSIDEREDABROADCATEGORYINCONTRAST,ABRANDNAMEASSOCIATEDWITHONEORAFEWPRODUCTS,WOULDBECONSIDEREDANARROWCATEGORYBOUSCHETAL1991USE
21、DFICTITIOUSBRANDSASSOCIATEDWITHFOODANDELECTRONICPRODUCTSBRANDEXTENSIONTYPICALITYHADAPOSITIVEEFFECTONCONSUMEREVALUATIONSTHEEXTENSIONSWERELIKEDBETTERIFTHEYWERECONSIDEREDTOBETYPICALOFTHEORIGINALFAMILYBRANDCATEGORYINADDITION,THERESPONSETIMETOEVALUATETYPICALBRANDSWASFASTERTHANFORMODERATELYTYPICALBRANDSBR
22、ANDBREADTHALSOINFLUENCEDTHEEVALUATIONOFTYPICALITYRATINGSFOREXTENSIONSITAPPEARSTHATCONSUMERSAREMOREACCEPTINGOFADISSIMILAREXTENSIONOFFEREDBYABRANDWITHABROADBRANDBREADTHTHANFORONEWITHANARROWBRANDRANGEINASIMILARSTUDY,KARDESANDALLEN1991INVESTIGATEDTHEROLEOFPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYINCONSUMERINFERENCEBYMANIPUL
23、ATINGBRANDNAMEANDNEWPRODUCTCONCEPTINFORMATIONTHERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYINDICATETHATTHEUMBRELLACATEGORYDOESNOTAUTOMATICALLYPROVIDEMORELEVERAGETHANANICHEBRANDKARDESANDALLEN1991STATETHATWHENAPARENTBRANDNAMEISSTRETCHEDTOOFAR,ADDITIONALEXTENSIONMAYHAVENEGATIVEIMPACTONJUDGMENTSABOUTTHEPARENTBRANDTHEAUTHORSATTR
24、IBUTETHEIRRESULTSTOCONSUMERDIFFICULTYINGENERALIZATIONWHENVARIABILITYISHIGHINTHESESITUATIONSTHECONSUMERTENDSTOMAKECONSERVATIVEJUDGMENTSTHESTUDYOFFERSIMPLICATIONSINDIRECTCONTRADICTIONTOTHEBOUSCHANDLOKEN1991STUDYFARQUHAR,HERR,ANDFAZIO1990DEVELOPEDARELATIONALMODELFORCATEGORYEXTENSIONSOFBRANDSTHEYDISCUSS
25、THREETYPESOFASSOCIATIONS,BRANDTOCATEGORY,CATEGORYTOBRANDANDCATEGORYTOCATEGORYINTHISMODEL,THEBRANDTOCATEGORYASSOCIATIONDESCRIBESTHELIKELIHOODTHATOBSERVATIONOFTHEPARENTBRANDWILLACTIVATEFEATURESTHATCHARACTERIZETHECATEGORYCATEGORYTOBRANDASSOCIATIONINDICATESTHEEASEWITHWHICHTHEBRANDWILLBERETRIEVEDFROMMEMO
26、RYGIVENEXPOSURETOTHECATEGORYCATEGORYTOCATEGORYASSOCIATIONSDEPENDONTHESTRENGTHANDACCESSIBILITYOFCONCEPTSLINKINGTHETWOCATEGORIESTHEAUTHORSFOUNDTHATBRANDSTHATARETYPICALOFACATEGORYCANBEEXTENDEDTOCLOSELYRELATEDRATHERTHANUNRELATEDCATEGORIESTHISISBECAUSEDOMINANTBRANDSACTASEXEMPLARSINTHEIRPRODUCTCATEGORYAND
27、CONSUMERSFINDITDIFFICULTTOASSOCIATEADOMINANTBRANDINONECATEGORYWITHAVERYDISSIMILARPRODUCTCATEGORYHARTMAN,PRICE,ANDDUNCAN1990OFFERACONCEPTUALMODELBASEDONCATEGORIZATIONTHEORYTOEXPLAINCONSUMEREVALUATIONSOFBRANDEXTENSIONSFIVEESSENTIALELEMENTSINTHEIRMODELINCLUDE1PRIORKNOWLEDGEOFTHEBRANDNAMEANDPRODUCTCATEG
28、ORYOFTHEEXTENSION2DEGREEOFMATCHORPERCEIVEDSIMILARITYBETWEENTHEFRANCHISEEXTENSIONANDPRIORKNOWLEDGE3MOTIVATIONFORPROCESSINGOFTHEEXTENSION4EXTENDEDPROCESSINGAND5MODERATINGINFLUENCESFROMINDIVIDUALFACTORSANDSITUATIONALCHARACTERISTICSTHEMOSTINTERESTINGIMPLICATIONOFTHEMODELISTHESITUATIONWHERETHEREISAMODERA
29、TEMATCHBETWEENRETRIEVEDKNOWLEDGEANDTHEEXTENSIONPRODUCTINTHISCASETHEAUTHORSPREDICTAHIGHMOTIVATIONFORPROCESSING,DUETOINCREASEDINTERESTONTHEPARTOFTHECONSUMERMODEOFEVALUATIONMUTHUKRISHNANANDWEITZ1991EXPLOREDTHEROLEOFPRODUCTKNOWLEDGEASAMEDIATINGFACTORINTHEEVALUATIONOFBRANDEXTENSIONSTHEYFOUNDTHATWHENTHEPA
30、RENTBRANDSIMAGEISHIGH,EXPERTSASWELLASNOVICESHAVEAPOSITIVEATTITUDETOWARDTHEBRANDEXTENSIONSEXPERTSWEREMORELIKELYTOAPPRECIATEEXTENSIONSFORTECHNOLOGICALCOMMONALTIESANDNOVICESAPPRECIATEDSURFACEFEATURESANOTHERASPECTOFEVALUATIONREFERSTOWHETHERTHEPRODUCTSARECOMPOSEDPRIMARILYOFATTRIBUTESTHATCANBEEVALUATEDTHR
31、OUGHVISUALINSPECTIONVERSUSATTRIBUTESTHATMUSTBEASSESSEDTHROUGHTRIALTHEFORMERTYPESOFGOODSAREREFERREDTOASSEARCHGOODSANDTHELATERASEXPERIENCEGOODSSMITHANDPARK1992WHENANEWPRODUCTISANEXPERIENCEGOOD,CONSUMERSHAVENEITHERACTUALEXPERIENCENORCONCRETEATTRIBUTESONWHICHTOBASEDECISIONSEG,COLDMEDICINEASARESULT,CONSU
32、MERSOFTENRELYONCUESSUCHASBRANDNAMESASABASESFORINFERRINGQUALITYKIRMANIANDWRIGHT1989NELSON1974WERNERFELT1988INCONTRAST,SEARCHGOODSOFFERUSEFULINFORMATIONABOUTQUALITYTHROUGHVISUALINSPECTIONTHEREFORE,THERELIANCEONBRANDNAMESSHOULDBEGREATERFOREXPERIENCEGOODSTHANFORSEARCHGOODSSMITHANDPARK1992FOUNDTHATTHEEFF
33、ECTOFBRANDEXTENSIONSONMARKETSHAREDIMINISHESASPRODUCTSEARCHATTRIBUTESINCREASETHEYALSOFOUNDTHATTHEEFFECTOFBRANDEXTENSIONSONADVERTISINGEFFICIENCYISGREATERFOREXPERIENCEGOODSTHANFORSEARCHGOODSLITERATURESUMMARYTHEABOVEDISCUSSIONOFTHEBRANDEXTENSIONLITERATUREREVEALSSEVERALCOMMONTHEMESFIRST,THEATTITUDETOWARD
34、THEPARENTBRANDHASASTRONGCORRELATIONWITHATTITUDETOWARDTHEBRANDEXTENSIONWHENTHEEXTENSIONHASABASISOFFITWITHTHEPARENTBRANDTHISFITCOULDBEFUNCTIONALSIMILARITY,CONCEPTUALCONGRUITY,EG,PRESTIGEORANEXTENSIONOFTHEEXPERTISEOFTHEPARENTBRANDFURTHER,EVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATAPARENTBRANDWITHEITHERAPRESTIGEIMAGEORAVERYBR
35、OADBRANDFAMILYCOULDSUCCESSFULLYEXTENDTOLESSSIMILARPRODUCTSMANYSTUDIESCAUTIONAGAINSTSTRETCHINGAPARENTBRANDNAMETOOFARSINCECONSUMERSMAYHAVEDIFFICULTYGENERALIZINGWHENVARIABILITYISHIGHCONSUMERSMAYFINDITDIFFICULTTOASSOCIATEADOMINANTBRANDINONECATEGORYWITHAVERYDISSIMILARPRODUCTCATEGORYFINALLY,MODEOFEVALUATI
36、ONHASBEENFOUNDTOAFFECTCONSUMERATTITUDESTOWARDBRANDEXTENSIONSBOTHTHEEXPERTISEOFTHECONSUMERANDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPRODUCTSCANAFFECTCONSUMERATTITUDESTOWARDBRANDEXTENSIONSBRANDEXTENSIONSMAYBEMOREIMPORTANTFOREXPERIENCEGOODSTHANFORSEARCHGOODSFUTURERESEARCHMIGHTINCLUDEAREASSUCHASBRANDEXTENSIONSFORSERVIC
37、ESANDINDUSTRIALGOODSANOTHERAREAFORFUTURERESEARCHISTHEASPECTOFRISKINCONSUMERDECISIONMAKINGANUNDERLYINGASSUMPTIONINTHEBRANDEXTENSIONLITERATUREISTHATCONSUMERSBUYBRANDEXTENSIONSASARISKREDUCTIONSTRATEGYHOWEVER,THISHASNOTBEENTESTEDDIRECTLYANDISWORTHYOFRESEARCHSOURCEMICHAELLECAMERONANDKARINBRAUNSBERGERMESS
38、ER,1995“BRANDEXTENSIONASPECTSOFCONSUMERDECISIONMAKING”JOURNALOFMARKETING2000译文品牌延伸消费者决策的影响因素摘要此篇文章对品牌延伸文献中影响消费者决策的条件做出了评论,有几种观点包括品牌实力,适合度和相似度,分类理论,品牌延伸的顺序,评价的模式在文章中做出了讨论。简介关于同一品牌下的新产品的介绍可以戏剧性地减少投资要求,并提高成功的可能性。阿克尔1990。因此,在过去几十年中,许多公司将品牌延伸做为发展战略也就不足为奇了,它为推广品牌知名度和提升企业形象提供了一个很好的路径。一个强烈品牌名称可以使消费者通过了解,提升信
39、誉。另外,品牌延伸可以减少访问分销渠道的成本,使营销效应更有效率AAKER1991SMITH和PARK1992TAUBER1988。TAUBER1988,P27将品牌延伸定义为“用一种类别产品品牌来介绍所有不同类别的产品”。这篇论文主要对有关品牌延伸的文献做一个总体回顾。品牌延伸的效果关键取决于对消费者信息采集及消费决定的影响。因此此次回顾主要关注可能影响消费者对已知品牌做出消费决定的因素。品牌延伸文献一个关键性假设认为,强烈的品牌相对于弱势品牌为品牌延伸提供了更好的支持,这是品牌延伸效果的基础(阿克尔1990艾克和凯勒1990)。品牌实力已经在消费者倾向性品牌中体现营销科学研究院1988。一
40、个具有知名度的品牌常常依靠消费者作为处理知觉风险一个战略考克斯1967ROSELIUS1973。艾克和凯勒1990认为“如果品牌产品具有高质量,那么品牌延伸将是有益的如果品牌产品是劣质的,那么品牌延伸相应的将是无益的”P29。史密斯和帕克1992发现品牌实力于品牌延伸的市场份额是成正比的。适合度和相似度有几个作者认为有效品牌延伸必须与产品品牌有一个适合度(艾克和凯勒1990明尼苏达消费者行研讨会1987陶伯1988。陶伯河1988给适合度下的定义是消费者接受符合逻辑与期望延伸度的新产品的程度。例如,赫尔希的巧克力布丁就可以被认为是与原始品牌有较好的适合,然而,赫尔希的口香糖却没有做到这点。延伸
41、品牌与原始品牌的匹配程度较低则会影响新产品的吸引力。因为积极属性不能从原品牌转换到延伸品牌。艾克和凯勒(1990)研究了适合度的三个方面(1)互补性,可以定义为两种产品可以在普遍使用情况下被利用或者同时适合某些需要的程度,(例高尔夫球杆和高尔夫球);(2)可置换性,也就是两种产品在满足同样需求的适合可以相互替代的程度(例如薯条和椒盐脆饼干);(3)可转移性,制造商在某一品种上的专门技术可以转移到延伸产品的程度。这个专门技术包括产品设施,员工以及公司的一些技术。艾克和凯勒(1990)发现在品牌延伸的评估上,互补性和可置换性都没有什么重要的作用。当然,互补性和可置换性与原始品牌到预期品牌延伸评估的
42、品质认知度相互影响。可转移性(例制造商的可感知技术制造延伸产品)对延伸品牌的评估有直接的影响。例如麦当劳的照片处理引起了一些评论,麦当劳应该坚守自己的餐饮业,而要作为一个照片加工者还不够格。UMCB研讨会(1987)发现,一个品牌的积极的评价似乎会转移到它的延伸品牌。更进一步的,当延伸品牌与原始品牌产品非常类似的时候,那么原品牌的影响转移到延伸品牌则会更明显。当原始品牌与延伸品牌的相似程度下降,那么对原始品牌的态度和对延伸品牌的态度之间的关联也会下降。当延伸品牌不足以与原始品牌媲美时,那么从原始品牌到延伸品牌的影响泛化过程也不会发生。帕克,米尔贝格和劳森(1991)假设一个成功的品牌延伸依靠消
43、费者对这两个品牌的匹配度的感觉,无论是品牌概念的相似性或关联性。在这次研究中,帕克等(1991)一些人使用了;两个知名品牌,天美时和劳力士。这两个品牌都属于手表系列,但对消费者来说却是代表了不同的含义。劳力士含有奢华和威望意义,而天美时则更注重产品的性能。对品牌延伸来说,产品性能相似性和品牌概念关联性都是对品牌良好反应的重要的预言者。而且,作者认为概念关联性对奢侈品牌的影响大于对功能性品牌的影响。分类理论与产品延伸一些研究使用分类的概念理论就消费者对品牌延伸的评价进行了审查BOUSCH和LOKEN1991FARQUHAR,HERR和FAZIO1990HARTMAN,PRICE和DUNCAN19
44、90KARDES和ALLEN1991。一种分类包含了被认为是等价的一类对象的所有信息。人们通常喜欢把事物进行分门别类,同类事物拥有共同的属性与特点。(梅尔维斯和罗斯1981)。一个物体与其他同类成员类似的关联越大,那它被认为是这个范畴的典型的可能性就越大(罗斯和梅尔维斯1973;史密斯和马丁1981)。一个范畴的个人认知成员使其在这个等级里多样化,那这个成员就是这个范畴的典型。例如,麻烦可以被认为是鸟这个类别更胜于说是鸵鸟。在品牌延伸环境中,在一定程度上这个延伸品牌可以和原始品牌分属同类可能会以为消费者而影响接受。BOUSCH和LOKEN(1991)运用分类理论解释了消费者对延伸品牌的评估。在
45、这个研究中他们调查了品牌分类幅度和品牌延伸典型性对延伸评估的影响。挡一个品牌的名字与各种各样的属于不同范畴的产品具有关联时,那么就可以认为它是属于广泛的范畴。相反,一个品牌名字与一个或少数几个产品有关联时则可以认为是狭隘的范畴。BOUSCH等(1991)利用一个虚构的与食物和电子产品有关的品牌。品牌延伸典型性对消费者的评价有着积极的作用。如果延伸品牌在原始家族品牌范畴里比较典型,那它则看上去会比较好。总之,评估典型品牌的反应时间要比评估中等典型品牌来的快。品牌宽度同时也影响了对延伸品牌的典型性等级的评价。看来消费者更愿意接受一个不同的有较大的品牌宽度而不是较少品牌范畴的延伸品牌。在一个相似的研
46、究中,KARDES和ALLEN(1991)通过操纵品牌名字和产品概念信息研究了感知变化在消费者推断上所扮演的角色。这个研究的结果表明,雨伞类能自动的提供更多的影响力不如利基品牌。KARDES和ALLEN(1991)认为,当母品牌名字引申过头了,那延伸品牌可能会对母品牌的评价有着消极的影响。作者把他们的结果归因于由于变化性太大,消费者普遍困难。在这样的情况下,消费者就容易做出保守的判断。这个研究暗示了与BOUSCH和LOKEN(1991)有直接的矛盾。FARQUHAR,HERR和FAZIO(1990)为品牌的范畴延伸发展了一个相关的模式,他们讨论了三种联合类型,品牌到范畴,范畴到品牌,范畴到范畴
47、。在这个模式中,品牌到范畴联合描述了这样一中可能性母品牌的观察会刺激子品牌的特点具有这个类别的特征。范畴到品牌联合表明由于对这类的记忆品牌将会轻松的得到恢复。范畴到范畴联合依靠连接这两个范畴的概念的延伸与可及性。作者发现一个范畴的典型品牌在紧密联系的范畴里比不相关的范畴更容易延伸。这是因为主导品牌在它们的产品范畴中起模范作用,而消费者也很难把一个范畴的主导品牌与一个非常不同的产品范畴联系起来。HARTMAN,PRICE和DUNCAN(1990)在分类理论基础了提供了一个概念上的模型来解释消费者对品牌延伸的评价。他们的模型包括五个基本要点(1)品牌名字的先前知识和延伸品牌的产品范畴;(2)匹配程
48、度或者特许经营的延伸品牌和先前知识之间的相似性;(3)延伸品牌处理动机;(4)延伸处理;(5)个人因素和情势特征的调节影响。这个模型最有趣的地方是这个形式是先前知识和延伸产品之间温和的竞争。由于对部分消费者产生了浓厚的兴趣,既然如此,作者为处理作出了一个高动机的预测。评价模式MUTHUKRISHNAN,WEITZ1991经过探索发现产品知识是决定品牌延伸评价的一个间接性因素。他们发觉如过母品牌影响是极大的,专家以及初学者对于品牌延伸都将有有积极的态度。专家更可能欣赏技术性团体的延伸,而初学者主要关注表面特征。另一种评价方面主要就产品的主要属性是否是通过可视性特征来进行评价或是进行必要性检测来进
49、行评价;前者属搜寻品,后者属于经验产品SMITH和PARK1992。当一个新产品是经验产品时,消费者既没有实际的经验也没有对具体属性的判断决定,最终,消费者常常依靠球杆例如品牌作为推断质量的基础赖特1989纳尔逊1974沃纳菲尔特1988。相反,搜寻性产品则通过表面特征提供了关于质量的有效信息。因此,经验性产品对品牌的依赖性相对于搜寻性产品较高,史密斯和帕克1992发觉那品牌延伸的影响在市场份额减少由于产品搜索属性提高。他们也发觉品牌延伸广告效率对经验产品影响更大。文献结论上述关于品牌延伸的文学讨论揭示了几个共同的主题。第一,当品牌延伸有一个较母品牌合适的基础时,对于母品牌的态度与对于品牌延伸态度则有很强的相关;这适合可以是功能相似,概念一致或母品牌专门知识的延神。进一步,证据建议,母品牌具有一个威信图片或一个很广阔品牌家族可以顺利延伸到少类似产品。许多论文建议母品牌名称不宜延伸太远,因为变异很大时,消费者可能很难从一个主导品牌产品联想到一个很相异产品类别,使他们很难接受。最后,关于影响消费者对品牌延伸态度的评价模式已被发现,消费者的技能和产品特征都能影响消费者对品牌延伸的态度。对经验型产品,品牌延伸可能更为重要。未来的研究可能包括一些区域,比如说服务业和工业产品的品牌延伸。另一个未来研究的方向可能是从消费者作出决定的风险角度进行。在品牌延伸文化中的一个潜在的假设