1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题客户降级危及忠诚吗资料来源JOURNALOFMARKETINGVOLUME73,NUMBER3,MAY2009作者TILLMANNWAGNER,THORSTENHENNIGTHURAUANDTHOMASRUDOLPH提升顾客忠诚度的分等级状态状态例如,“精英会员”通常是需要消费者满足预定义的消费水平但是,如果一个顾客的消费水平随后下跌到不足的状态,企业通常就会取消此用户的地位。作者研究客户降级对于该公司客户忠诚带来的影响和意图。建立在前景理论和情感理论上,作者假设,变动客户的身份可能对客户有一个非对称的负面影响,这样的负面影响,随着客户降级相对于正面影响的
2、增加而增加。实验场景研究提供证据表明忠诚顾客被定判降级后忠诚度的降低意图的确是比那些从未获得优先地位的客户降低的意图要大,这意味着层次忠诚度项目可以被控制的,否则忠诚的顾客就有可能离开公司。实地研究使用专有的销售数据从不同的行业背景下展示了具有较强的负面影响的客户降级。作者测试,在一定程度上,设计变量的层次式的忠诚程序可能弱化地位带来的负面影响。实验场景选用用另一个分析模型,分析客户资产、客户状态,用来帮助降级管理决策。关键词忠诚度项目;客户降级,顾客忠诚度;前景理论;关系营销美国,公司每年对于顾客忠诚度项目的花费超过12亿美元,一般的家庭有12条这样的计划弗格森,2007。当一个消费者在公司
3、的消费支出超过了一定的水平之后,阶级式的客户忠诚奖励方案可以提高消费者的地位比如“精英会员”,提供更多的独家的优惠。这样的项目是很常见的,在许多行业中,包括航空公司例如,大陆,银行例如,瑞银,百货零售业例如,内曼马库斯,和酒店例如,万豪酒店。为了保持客户的首选地位,消费者通常都必须在该公司维持一个高消费水平的开销卡玛和沙,2004但当客户不符合公司的期望时会发生以下什么事,甚至因此失去了他或她的优先地位那就是,当发生什么样的情况的时候公司会对客户采取降级的措施服务公司的忠诚度计划降级运行层次中每天有数以千计的客户被降级(里德,2005),但完整分支系统的客户状态等减少的程度目前仍不清楚。而社会
4、学等学科GARFINKEL,1956和组织心理学GEPHART,1978早就将地位降级作为一2种重要的研究问题,但是没有现行的营销研究已经考虑降低消费者的地位所带来的影响。这一尚且缺乏的研究具有特殊的重要性,因为前景理论和情感理论都认为客户降级有可能会摧毁一个健康的客户关系,具体地说,我们推断,客户被降级后对公司的忠诚度将会降低到某一水平,而那个就是是低于平均水平的顾客忠诚度。这时候提升顾客的地位就将成为首选。我们目前的心理机制通过破坏这种影响的发生,在实验研究方法和使用情况调查数据的基础上,从不同公司的行业背景来做测试。我们测试是否有某些忠诚计划设计变量限制所造成的破坏性影响与第二个客户降级
5、情境实验和解析的客户权益的战略变量相关。降级的研究现状状态或位置或地位在某一资产组织的一群人授予一个人派克,1959是一个有强烈激励因素的人类的行为弗兰克,1985。提升某个人的权利,福利待遇等,扩大其利益,常常能引起同一层次的人的尊重、理解、嫉妒、羡慕等。CSIKSZENTMIHALYIANDROCHBERGHALTON,1981。这一现象最初的出现,地位降级成为一个研究课题,是社会学家、人类学家GARFINKEL,1956首先提出来的。术语“地位降级”就是被降级的人的社会地位,对周围的人的影响力都会降低。FINKELSTEIN,1996。20年后GEPHART1978,成为世界上第一个组织
6、行为的学者报告的主题。雇佣一名ETHNOMETHODOLOGICAL方法,他调查了降级过程中关系对组织的延续。从那时起,其他学者研究了低位降级在组织中的状态,发现降级是构成其中的关键事件,其次是具有负面影响的退出行为。例如,减少对组织的忠诚由降级的消费者例如,PFEFFER1981。虽然影响的优秀顾客忠诚度的治疗方法已经成为营销学科的一个紧迫的研究课题例如,,DREZEANDNUNES2007,我们并不是一个单一的研究,而是考察了降级的顾客和他们的反应。顾客降级是如何影响忠诚意向的在忠诚体系的层级中,实施能给顾客提供额外的好处的优惠和待遇将会增加顾客对该公司的忠诚度。LACEY;SUH;MOR
7、GAN,2007。直接的撤回对顾客的优惠政策将会使顾客回到最初的忠诚度。然而期望理论和情绪理论认为这种撤回会引起消极作用,这样使得原本忠诚于该公司的顾客不再忠诚于该公司。对于顾客DEMOTION的期望理论的观点期望理论陈述了人们对感知到损失和获得的评估的不对称性。KAHNEMAN;TVERSKY,1979。它建立的原则是因为人们自身的感知所感知到的往往是变化或者差异,而不是一个绝对的值。它同样假设人们对于结果会看做是相对一个确定值来说的收益或损失。QUALLS;PUTO,1989。期望理论的一个重点是人们对于损失的感知会比对收益的感知要来的敏感,人们往往更容易感知到损失。HOLIM;CAMER
8、ER,2006。根据期望理论的观点,顾客将获得一定的福利看3做收益,因为此时会跟她没有获得奖励时的收益相对比以此来做评估。这种福利包括方便(如个人的,有礼貌的服务人员而不是电话自主连线)和认可。然而,撤回顾客的福利则会被顾客认为是损失,因为他是按照之前(有福利时)的参考点进行评估的。KNETSCH,1989。这样的一种降级后,顾客不能再通过额外的福利来对应自己升高的地位。期望理论的损失规避表明,损失(即客户身份和独家利益的损失)比同等程度的收益对人们公平和忠诚度的影响更大(即初始的客户增加相关的福利和利益)。因此,我们预计地位降级会对顾客的忠诚度产生消极的影响,并且这种消极的影响会比地位升级对
9、忠诚度的积极影响更大。换句话说,顾客在地位降级后又回到原先的地位,他的忠诚度仍然比先前的忠诚度低。(即,经历了增益,但无亏损),但其成员间的地位从来没有在第一时间增加(即,经验丰富,但既不是收益,也不是亏损)。顾客降级的情感理论视角作为一个认知行为经济学理论,期望理论省略了地位降级引起的潜在的情感反应。然而,地位降级同样也会传达给顾客一种信息,表明他并没有达到公司的期望并且不再是该公司的中心圈。TRICE;BEYER,1984。这种不愉快的体验会引起消极的情绪状态,如愤怒和失望。FOURNIER;DOBSCHA;MICK,1998。这种观点与组织心理学和社会学中关于降级的研究相符合,表明地位的
10、降级通常会引起失去地位的人的消极情绪。(例如,SMITH2002年。鉴于大部分研究证实顾客的消极情绪对顾客的态度和行为有破坏性的影响,(例如,BOUGIE;PIETERS;ZEELENBERG,2003)。我们假设降级引起的消极情绪将会减少顾客的忠诚度,强化撤回福利引起的损失规避的负面效应。总的来说,从期望理论和情感理论的观点来看,顾客的降级会对顾客忠诚度有消极影响。此外,我们认为顾客对于损失的感知敏感性远大于对于同等收益的的感知与降级所引起的消极作用结合起来,是降级对减少忠诚度的心理机制。4外文文献原文TITLEDOESCUSTOMERDEMOTIONJEOPARDIZELOYALTYMAT
11、ERIALSOURCEJOURNALOFMARKETINGVOLUME73,NUMBER3,MAY2009AUTHORTILLMANNWAGNER,THORSTENHENNIGTHURAUANDTHOMASRUDOLPHHIERARCHICALLOYALTYPROGRAMSAWARDELEVATEDCUSTOMERSTATUSEG,“ELITEMEMBERSHIP”TOCONSUMERSWHOMEETAPREDEFINEDSPENDINGLEVELHOWEVER,IFACUSTOMERSUBSEQUENTLYFALLSSHORTOFTHEREQUIREDSPENDINGLEVEL,FIRMSC
12、OMMONLYREVOKETHATSTATUSTHEAUTHORSINVESTIGATETHEIMPACTOFSUCHCUSTOMERDEMOTIONONLOYALTYINTENTIONSTOWARDTHEFIRMBUILDINGONPROSPECTTHEORYANDEMOTIONSTHEORY,THEAUTHORSHYPOTHESIZETHATCHANGESINCUSTOMERSTATUSHAVEANASYMMETRICNEGATIVEEFFECT,SUCHTHATTHENEGATIVEIMPACTOFCUSTOMERDEMOTIONISSTRONGERTHANTHEPOSITIVEIMPA
13、CTOFSTATUSINCREASESANEXPERIMENTALSCENARIOSTUDYPROVIDESEVIDENCETHATLOYALTYINTENTIONSAREINDEEDLOWERFORDEMOTEDCUSTOMERSTHANFORTHOSEWHOHAVENEVERBEENAWARDEDAPREFERREDSTATUS,MEANINGTHATHIERARCHICALLOYALTYPROGRAMSCANDRIVEOTHERWISELOYALCUSTOMERSAWAYFROMAFIRMAFIELDSTUDYUSINGPROPRIETARYSALESDATAFROMADIFFERENT
14、INDUSTRYCONTEXTDEMONSTRATESTHEROBUSTNESSOFTHENEGATIVEIMPACTOFCUSTOMERDEMOTIONTHEAUTHORSTESTTHEEXTENTTOWHICHDESIGNVARIABLESOFHIERARCHICALLOYALTYPROGRAMSMAYATTENUATETHENEGATIVECONSEQUENCESOFSTATUSDEMOTIONSWITHASECONDEXPERIMENTALSCENARIOSTUDYANDPRESENTANANALYTICALMODELTHATLINKSSTATUSDEMOTIONTOCUSTOMERE
15、QUITYTOAIDMANAGERIALDECISIONMAKINGKEYWORDSLOYALTYPROGRAMS,CUSTOMERDEMOTION,CUSTOMERLOYALTY,PROSPECTTHEORY,RELATIONSHIPMARKETINGCOMPANIESINTHEUNITEDSTATESSPENDMORETHAN12BILLIONONCUSTOMERLOYALTYPROGRAMSPERYEAR,ANDTHEAVERAGEHOUSEHOLDBELONGSTO12OFSUCHPROGRAMSFERGUSONANDHLAVINKA2007KUMAR2008HIERARCHICALL
16、OYALTYPROGRAMSAWARDPREFERREDCUSTOMERSTATUSEG,“ELITEMEMBERSHIP”,PROVIDINGEXCLUSIVEBENEFITSTOCONSUMERSWHOHAVEEXCEEDEDACERTAINSPENDINGLEVELSUCHPROGRAMSARECOMMONINMANYSERVICEINDUSTRIES,INCLUDINGAIRLINESEG,CONTINENTAL,BANKINGEG,UBS,DEPARTMENTSTORERETAILINGEG,NEIMANMARCUS,ANDHOTELSEG,MARRIOTTTOMAINTAINPRE
17、FERREDCUSTOMERSTATUS,ELEVATEDCONSUMERSUSUALLYMUST5MAINTAINHIGHLEVELSOFSPENDINGWITHTHECOMPANYKUMARANDSHAH2004,BUTWHATHAPPENSWHENACUSTOMERFALLSSHORTOFTHECOMPANYSEXPECTATIONSANDTHEREFORELOSESHISORHERPREFERREDSTATUSTHATIS,WHATHAPPENSWHENTHECUSTOMERIS“DEMOTED”BYTHECOMPANYSERVICEFIRMSTHATRUNHIERARCHICALLO
18、YALTYPROGRAMSDEMOTETHOUSANDSOFCUSTOMERSEVERYDAYREED2005,BUTTHEFULLRAMIFICATIONSOFSUCHSYSTEMATICCUSTOMERSTATUSREDUCTIONSREMAINUNCLEARWHEREASDISCIPLINESSUCHASSOCIOLOGYGARFINKEL1956ANDORGANIZATIONALPSYCHOLOGYGEPHART1978HAVELONGRECOGNIZEDSTATUSDEMOTIONASANIMPORTANTRESEARCHISSUE,NOEXISTINGMARKETINGRESEAR
19、CHHASCONSIDEREDTHEEFFECTSOFSTATUSREDUCTIONSOFCONSUMERSTHISLACKOFRESEARCHHASPARTICULARIMPORTANCEBECAUSEARGUMENTSFROMPROSPECTTHEORYANDEMOTIONSTHEORYSUGGESTTHATCUSTOMERDEMOTIONHASTHEPOTENTIALTODESTROYHEALTHYCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSSPECIFICALLY,WETHEORIZETHATCUSTOMERDEMOTIONREDUCESLOYALTYINTENTIONSTOWARDAF
20、IRMTOALEVELTHATISLOWERTHANTHELEVELOFLOYALTYINTENTIONSTHECUSTOMERHELDBEFOREBEINGELEVATEDTOPREFERREDSTATUSWEPRESENTTHEPSYCHOLOGICALMECHANISMSTHROUGHWHICHTHISDESTRUCTIVEEFFECTTAKESPLACEANDTESTTHEMTHROUGHANEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONUSINGTHESCENARIOMETHODANDAFIELDSTUDYBASEDONPROPRIETARYCOMPANYDATAFROMADIF
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22、ERSPACKARD1959,ISASTRONGMOTIVATOROFHUMANBEHAVIORFRANK1985ELEVATEDLEVELSOFSTATUSCORRESPONDTOASETOFEXCLUSIVERIGHTSANDBENEFITS,WHICHOFTENPROVOKERESPECT,CONSIDERATION,ORENVYFROMOTHERSCSIKSZENTMIHALYIANDROCHBERGHALTON1981THEPHENOMENONOFSTATUSDEMOTIONINITIALLYEMERGEDASARELEVANTRESEARCHTOPICAMONGSOCIOLOGIS
23、TSANDANTHROPOLOGISTSANDWASFIRSTRECOGNIZEDBYGARFINKEL1956,WHOCOINEDTHETERM“STATUSDEGRADATIONCEREMONY”TOREFERTOTHECOMMUNICATIONOFASTATUSREDUCTIONTOTHEAFFECTEDPERSONFINKELSTEIN1996YOUNG1965SOME20YEARSLATER,GEPHART1978BECAMETHEFIRSTORGANIZATIONALBEHAVIORSCHOLARTOADDRESSTHETOPICEMPLOYINGANETHNOMETHODOLOG
24、ICALAPPROACH,HEINVESTIGATEDTHEDEMOTIONPROCESSINRELATIONTOORGANIZATIONALSUCCESSIONSINCETHEN,OTHERSCHOLARSHAVESTUDIEDSTATUSREDUCTIONSINORGANIZATIONSANDHAVEFOUNDTHATDEMOTIONCONSTITUTESACRITICALINCIDENT,FOLLOWEDBYTHEEXPERIENCEOFNEGATIVEAFFECTAND“WITHDRAWALBEHAVIORS”EG,6DECREASINGLOYALTYTOTHEORGANIZATION
25、BYTHEDEMOTEDCONSUMERSEG,PFEFFER1981TRICEANDBEYER1984ALTHOUGHTHEIMPACTOFPREFERENTIALCUSTOMERTREATMENTSONLOYALTYHASEMERGEDASANURGENTRESEARCHTOPICINTHEMARKETINGDISCIPLINEEG,DREZEANDNUNES2007WANGENHEIMANDBAYON2007,WEARENOTAWAREOFASINGLESTUDYTHATEXAMINESTHEDEMOTIONOFCUSTOMERSANDTHEIRREACTIONSTOITHOWCUSTO
26、MERDEMOTIONAFFECTSLOYALTYINTENTIONSINHIERARCHICALLOYALTYPROGRAMS,INTRODUCINGPREFERENTIALCUSTOMERTREATMENTPROVIDESADDITIONALBENEFITSTOCUSTOMERS,WHICHSHOULDINCREASETHEIRLOYALTYINTENTIONSTOWARDTHEFIRMLACEY,SUH,ANDMORGAN2007INTUITIVELY,WITHDRAWINGPREFERREDCUSTOMERSTATUSANDTHEBENEFITSASSOCIATEDWITHITTHEN
27、SHOULDCAUSETHECUSTOMERTORETURNTOHISORHERORIGINALLEVELOFLOYALTYINTENTIONSHOWEVER,ARGUMENTSFROMBOTHPROSPECTANDEMOTIONSTHEORYSUGGESTTHATSUCHWITHDRAWALCANCAUSENEGATIVEEFFECTS,WHICHINTURNCANDRIVEANOTHERWISELOYALCUSTOMERAWAYFROMTHEFIRMAPROSPECTTHEORETICALPERSPECTIVEONCUSTOMERDEMOTIONPROSPECTTHEORYHELPSEXP
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29、ARDGIVENOUTCOMESEITHERASLOSSESORASGAINSRELATIVETOACERTAINREFERENCEPOINTQUALLSANDPUTO1989AKEYELEMENTOFPROSPECTTHEORYENTAILSTHELOSSAVERSIONBIAS,WHICHSTATESTHATPEOPLETENDTOBEMORESENSITIVETOCHANGESTHEYPERCEIVEASLOSSESTHANTOEQUALLYSTRONGCHANGESTHEYINTERPRETASGAINSHO,LIM,ANDCAMERER2006THALER1980ACCORDINGT
30、OAPROSPECTTHEORETICALPERSPECTIVE,ANINCREASEINCUSTOMERSTATUSCONSTITUTESAGAINFORTHEAWARDEDCUSTOMERBECAUSETHECUSTOMERRECEIVESCERTAINBENEFITSTOWHICHHEORSHEHADNOACCESSBEFORETHESTATUSELEVATIONSUCHBENEFITSINCLUDECONVENIENCEEG,PERSONALASSISTANCEBYCOURTEOUSSERVICEPERSONNELINSTEADOFAUTOMATEDSERVICEKIOSKSORTEL
31、EPHONEHELPLINESANDRECOGNITIONEG,GIVINGCUSTOMERS“THEABILITYTOFEELSPECIAL”SHUGAN2005,P190HOWEVER,THEWITHDRAWALOFACUSTOMERSPREFERREDSTATUSBECAUSEOFAREDUCEDSPENDINGLEVELREPRESENTSALOSSFORTHECUSTOMERRELATIVETOHISORHERREFERENCEPOINT,THATIS,THEPREVIOUSLYHELDSTATUSKNETSCH1989AFTERSUCHADEMOTION,THECUSTOMERCA
32、NNOLONGERACCESSTHEADDITIONALBENEFITSTHATCORRESPONDTOELEVATEDSTATUSPROSPECTTHEORYSLOSSAVERSIONBIASSUGGESTSTHATSTATUSDEMOTIONIE,THE7LOSSOFCUSTOMERSTATUSANDITSEXCLUSIVEBENEFITSSHOULDBEMOREINFLUENTIALFORHUMANJUDGMENTSANDFUTUREBEHAVIORNAMELY,CUSTOMERLOYALTYINTENTIONSTHANEQUALLYSTRONGGAINSIE,THEINITIALINC
33、REASEINCUSTOMERSTATUSANDTHEASSOCIATEDBENEFITSHO,LIM,ANDCAMERER2006ACCORDINGLY,WEEXPECTTHATSTATUSDEMOTIONEXERTSANASYMMETRICNEGATIVEEFFECTONCUSTOMERLOYALTYINTENTIONS,SUCHTHATTHENEGATIVEEFFECTOFSTATUSDECREASESONLOYALTYINTENTIONSDEMONSTRATESASTRONGERMAGNITUDETHANTHEPOSITIVEEFFECTOFSTATUSINCREASESINOTHER
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35、LACEIE,EXPERIENCEDNEITHERAGAINNORALOSSANEMOTIONTHEORETICALPERSPECTIVEONCUSTOMERDEMOTIONASACOGNITIVETHEORYORIGINATINGINBEHAVIORALECONOMICS,PROSPECTTHEORYELIDESTHEPOTENTIALEFFECTOFEMOTIONALREACTIONSTOSTATUSCHANGESHOWEVER,ASTATUSDEMOTIONALSOCONVEYSTOTHECUSTOMERTHATHEORSHEHASNOTPERFORMEDTOMEETTHECOMPANY
36、SEXPECTATIONSANDISNOLONGERPARTOFTHECOMPANYS“INNERCIRCLE”TRICEANDBEYER1984SUCHANUNPLEASANTEXPERIENCEISLIKELYTOELICITTHEEXPERIENCEOFNEGATIVEEMOTIONALSTATES,SUCHASANGERANDDISAPPOINTMENTFOURNIER,DOBSCHA,ANDMICK1998LAZARUS1991THISARGUMENTISINLINEWITHDEMOTIONRESEARCHINORGANIZATIONALPSYCHOLOGYANDSOCIOLOGY,
37、WHICHINDICATESTHATSTATUSREDUCTIONSCOMMONLYCAUSENEGATIVEEMOTIONSWITHINTHEPERSONWHOLOSESSTATUSEG,SMITH2002BUILDINGONEXTENSIVERESEARCHTHATDEMONSTRATESTHEDESTRUCTIVEEFFECTSOFNEGATIVEEMOTIONSONCUSTOMERATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORSEG,BOUGIE,PIETERS,ANDZEELENBERG2003,WEPROPOSETHATTHENEGATIVEEMOTIONSTRIGGEREDBYDEMO
38、TIONWILLTRANSLATEINTOREDUCEDCUSTOMERLOYALTYINTENTIONS,STRENGTHENINGTHENEGATIVEEFFECTCAUSEDBYTHEWITHDRAWALOFBENEFITSCAPTUREDBYTHELOSSAVERSIONBIASINSUMMARY,ARGUMENTSFROMPROSPECTANDEMOTIONSTHEORYLEADTOUSEXPECTTHATCUSTOMERDEMOTIONWILLHAVEANASYMMETRICNEGATIVEIMPACTONCUSTOMERLOYALTYINTENTIONSFURTHERMORE,WEARGUETHATCUSTOMERSGREATERSENSITIVITYTOALOSSOFBENEFITSTHANTOAGAINOFTHESAMEBENEFITS,COMBINEDWITHTHENEGATIVEAFFECTCAUSEDBYTHEDEMOTIONACT,REPRESENTSTHEPSYCHOLOGICALMECHANISMTHROUGHWHICHDEMOTIONREDUCESLOYALTYINTENTIONS