1、 外文翻译 原文 Forging the Way to Growth:Expanding World Markets for Services Material Source: Library Author:CSI T h e C h a l l e n ge The global economy offers enormous opportunity for U.S. service companies and their employees, who comprise over 80% of the American workforce. American services are com
2、petitive worldwide. U.S. services exports totaled $480 billion in 2007, with a surplus of $140 billion. Yet our companies and workers cannot realize their full potential because of discriminatory barriers erected by many of our trading partners. The shared challenge for the new Administration, Congr
3、ess andindustry must be to deploy new trade policy tools that will open markets, help restore strong economic growth and create more high-paying services jobs for American workers. U.S. service companies are committed to working with the new Administration to ensure that services continue to be a ma
4、jor force for competition, skills development and growth as we join together to reinvigorate the U.S. economy and restore U.S. economic leadership in the world. Ninety-five percent of the potential customers for U.S. services live abroad. When foreign incomes rise, so does the demand for U.S. servic
5、es. We must position ourselves now to sell to those customers and to grow our economy at home. Equally, the evidence is that open trade is the best stimulant of economic growth in developing countries. The global economic and financial crisis creates a special challenge. Some seek to use the crisis
6、as a reason to resist creating new trade opportunities. Others want to roll back progress that has been made. While the crisis contains important lessons about the need for better regulation, it does not diminish the importance of open trade and must not become an excuse to close markets. Failure to
7、 maintain open markets at home and to remove discriminatory barriers against American service workers and businesses abroad will only slow our economic recovery and impair our competitiveness. Indeed, the crisis creates an opportunity to improve regulatory practices. Improving the global regulatory
8、environment should complement efforts to open new markets. Opening service sector markets to competition affords more opportunities to harmonize and improve regulations. The purpose of this paper is to offer new ideas on how to open foreign markets for American services industries and to prevent dis
9、criminatory treatment by foreign governments. CSI members are also eager to work with the new Administration and Congress on other issues that critically affect American competitiveness, such as education, worker training and retraining, and immigration. Initiatives to Increase U.S. Competitiveness
10、Through Innovative Trade and Investment Policy I. Sustain Current Services Market Access and Capture Gains Already Negotiated Many countries have taken steps to open their services markets as they have autonomously come to the realization that they will benefit from more open markets. These measures
11、 have not yet, however, been bound in the WTO. And there is evidence that some countries may wish to roll back their current market access in some sectors. The November 2008 G20 and APEC Leader commitments to refrain from erecting new barriers to trade and investment for 12 months is encouraging, bu
12、t WTO Members should all reach agreement that until the Doha negotiations conclude, Members should not adopt any measure that would reduce current levels of market access. This “standstill” would not of course be a substitute for binding commitments to existing and new liberalization, but extending
13、the 12 month commitment will bring stability to trade in goods and services throughout the world. Rolling back market access at this time would deepen the current economic crisis. Given the work underway to develop stimulus programs in various countries, it will be essential to ensure that the progr
14、ams are non-discriminatory and respect the G20 and APEC commitments. Otherwise, service providers risk being left out of new opportunities. A Doha Round that provides new commercial opportunities is the best near-term way to expand business opportunities for U.S. service providers, increase our comp
15、etitiveness in the sector, and promote renewed economic growth at home and abroad. The single undertaking approach has meant that agreements in services hinge on agreements in other sectors that are driven by completely different negotiating dynamics. Moving ahead in the WTO will require new and cre
16、ative ideas. the Administration and our trading partners to find new ways to reinvigorate the Doha Round and strengthen the WTO. rvices “Signaling Conference,” some key countries gave indications that they would improve their offers in important service sectors. We believe that these signals should
17、be harvested, along with the actual offers that Members tabled earlier in the Round, as steps toward a successful conclusion to the WTO services negotiations. 2 Initiatives to Increase U.S. Competitiveness Coalition of Service Industries CSI members will work with the new Administration and Congress
18、 to secure passage of the pending bilateral U.S. Free Trade Agreements with Colombia, Panama, and Korea. All three agreements contain strong services provisions in areas such as e-commerce, telecommunications, financial services, and other services that will enhance U.S. prosperity and create jobs.
19、II. New Services Trade Initiatives The foundation of U.S. global competitiveness is its human capital. As the economy has become more knowledge-intensive, demand has grown for the workers and services to support knowledge industries. Maintaining U.S. competitiveness and generating economic growth re
20、quires that we encourage policies and initiatives to improve the skills of the U.S. workforce, to facilitate greater workforce mobility and to provide adequate adjustment assistance when needed. Renewing and reforming the Trade Adjustment Assistance program and extending it to service workers are im
21、portant first steps. The U.S. should explore agreements among willing groups of key countries to liberalize trade in services on a sector-by-sector and/or mode-by-mode basis. This effort could build on past successes, such as the 1997 WTO Basic Telecom Agreement or the 1997 WTO Agreement on Financia
22、l Services, and the more recent Doha Round “plurilateral” requests. other countries to obtain greater market access. Requests covered a variety of service sectors and modes of supply, and some meaningful progress was made. This progress should be captured by being included in a sectoral agreement, w
23、ithin or outside the WTO framework. -focused approach may circumvent some of the obstacles that have hampered more comprehensive negotiations. Initiatives to Increase U.S. Competitiveness 3 Forging the Way to Growth -Only FTAs The U.S. should explore services-only trade agreements such as a services
24、-only FTA between the U.S., EU and Japan. Such an agreement would set high standards in services trade and investment, which could provide a template for negotiating future trade agreements with other countries. The U.S. should explore ways to develop ideas contained in the current and pending FTAs.
25、 useful commitments which could be agreed by a larger group of countries. and investment in services contained in existing FTAs, and to bring them up to the highest levels of commitments in the most recent agreements. d Existing FTAs to Create Regional Agreements U.S. trade negotiators should seek o
26、pportunities to create more formidable trading networks. Negotiations with New Zealand, Brunei, Chile, Singapore, Australia, Peru, and possibly other countries in the region to form a Trans-Pacific Economic Partnership will be helpful if the agreement on which it is based is renegotiated to reflect
27、the high standards, especially for services and intellectual property, in the most recent US free trade agreements, such as that with Korea. Regulatory barriers in foreign countries present some of the greatest challenges to U.S. service companies and their workers trying to conduct business in fore
28、ign markets. While domestic regulations serve legitimate purposes, they may unintentionally or intentionally also restrict trade and unfairly protect domestic suppliers. While distinct from the types of trade agreements discussed above, some examples of useful efforts in regulatory cooperation inclu
29、de the APEC-OECD and U.S.-Japan initiatives on regulatory reform and due process, the Transatlantic Economic Council, and a proposed international institution focused on regulatory training and best practices. 4 Initiatives to Increase U.S. Competitiveness Coalition of Service Industries U.S. bilate
30、ral investment treaties (BITs) protect U.S. investment abroad and attract U.S. investment and trade to BIT partner economies. U.S. model BITs encourage the adoption of market-oriented domestic policies that treat private investment in an open, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner and encourage
31、 service companies to secure a physical presence in a foreign market. Pre-establishment, use of a negative list, and state of the art dispute provisions including investor-state provisions provide real value to U.S. service providers. The new Administration and Congress must deploy sufficient enforc
32、ement resources to ensure that our trading partners live up to their current and future services commitments. To be effective, the enforcement agenda will require using all available tools, including dialogues, negotiations, and formal dispute resolution. These initiatives are discussed in more deta
33、il in Annex I. The Service Sector: The Economic Benefits for the United States and Its Trading Partners Services account for by far the largest share of U.S. economic output and employment, generating four-fifths of U.S. private sector GDP, or roughly $9.5 trillion. The vast majority of Americans ar
34、e employed by services companies. In 2007, services employed 93.2 million Americans, more than 80% of U.S. private sector employment. Between 1997 and 2007, services companies added 14 million new U.S. jobs, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that virtually all new employment generated in t
35、he U.S. over the next several years will be by services companies. Service sector jobs as a whole pay well - an average of $53,045 annually in 2006. In many service industries, average compensation levels are much higher. The U.S. is the worlds most competitive supplier of services. U.S. exports of
36、private services reached $480 billion in 2007, with a surplus of $140 billion. Our services exports have grown an average of nearly 12% annually over the past five years. As U.S. markets mature, companies and their workers rely increasingly on foreign markets for their continued growth. Strong expor
37、t performance has helped sustain the U.S. economy in the face of rising energy costs and instability in the housing and financial sectors. Sales of services by the foreign affiliates of U.S. companies reached $806 billion in 2006, with U.S. income from these operations of about $250 billion. Service
38、s ignite growth in developing countries. In all countries, the availability and quality of services reduce costs and increase productivity in all sectors. Thus a strong services infrastructure can dramatically improve the overall competitiveness of an economy. The countries that have the most to gai
39、n from liberalizing services trade are emerging economies and economies in transition, where barriers to services trade and investment are also most prevalent, and where the potential benefits from competition in services are the greatest. Globally, consumption of services tracks economic developmen
40、t and modernization. The World Bank estimates that by 2030, 1.2 billion people in developing countries 15% of the world population-will belong to the “global middle class,” offering potential new consumers and growth opportunities for U.S. services if we can gain access to those markets. 6 Conclusio
41、n Coalition of Service Industries Conclusion American service companies drive U.S. economic growth, have created and have the potential to create, new and higher-paying American jobs. U.S. service companies are the most competitive in the world, illustrated by the large volume of U.S. services trade
42、. The new Administration and Congress must recognize the central role that services trade policy plays in growing our economy and employing our workforce. At this time of unprecedented global economic insecurity, American services can generate economic growth, create jobs, and help our economic reco
43、very. A complex network of trade barriers and conflicting regulatory regimes throughout the world prevents U.S. service providers and their workers from competing on a level playing field. By capturing and enforcing the benefits attained through past and current negotiations and by developing new an
44、d innovative trade policy tools, increased services trade will help secure Americas future economic prosperity. The global economy continues to grow and integrate more rapidly each day. The U.S. service sector is best positioned to take advantage of these immense global opportunities. Policy makers
45、and the private sector must work together to deploy services trade policies that work for all Americans. 译文 建立成长之路：拓展世界服务市场 资料来源 :图书馆 作 者： CSI 挑战 全球经济为美国服务业的企业及其员工提供了巨大的机会，这些从事服务业的员工占全国劳动力的 80%以上。美国服务业是全球竞争的行业， 2007 年出口总额达 4800 亿美元，顺差 1400 亿美元。 然而，由于许多贸易伙伴制造的歧视性壁垒，美国公司和工人不能充分发挥他们的潜力。 新政府、国会和工业界共同的挑战
46、必须部署新的贸易政策工具，以开放市场，帮助恢复强劲的经济增长 ，为美国工人创造更多的高付费的服务岗位。 美国服务公司致力于同新政府合作，确保服务业继续成为竞争、技能发展和增长的主要力量，因为我们要联合起来，重振美国经济，恢复美国在世界经济的领导。 美国服务业 95%的潜在客户居住在国外。国外收入的上涨导致对美国服务需求的增长。我们现在必须定位于出售给那些客户，以及增长国内经济。同样，有证据表明，开放的贸易是发展中国家经济增长的最佳兴奋剂。 全球经济和金融危机造成一个特别的挑战。有人试图将危机作为抵制创造新的贸易机会的一个理由；有人则要消解已经取得的进展。虽然这场危机 涉及需要更好监管的重要教训
47、，但这并不会抹杀开放贸易的重要性，更不能成为关闭市场的借口。不能维持国内的开放市场和消除对美国服务业工人和企业的国外歧视性壁垒，只会缓慢复苏的经济和损害我们的竞争力。 事实上，这场危机创造了改善监管做法的机会。改善全球监管环境应配合努力开拓新市场。开放服务领域市场竞争能提供更多的机会去协调和改进监管。 本文的目的是提供有关如何为美国的服务产业打开外国市场，并防止外国政府的歧视性待遇的新思路。服务产业联合会的成员也渴望与新政府和国会致力于处理诸如教育，职工培训和再培训，以及移民等严重 影响美国竞争力的其他相关问题。 通过贸易和投资政策增加美国的创新竞争力的举措 一、维持现有服务的市场准入和谈判已
48、取得的收益 （一）保持开放的市场：“固定” 许多国家已采取步骤，开放其服务市场，因为他们已经自主地实现来自开放市场的收益。 然而，这些措施尚未获得世贸组织的约束。此外，有证据显示，而且有证据表明，一些国家可能希望撤销当前部分行业的市场准入。 2008 年 11月， 20 国集团和亚太经合组织领导人承诺，在 12 个月内避免树立新的贸易和投资壁垒，这是令人鼓舞的。但是世贸组织成员国也应该达成一致：直到多哈谈判结束 ，大家不应该采取任何措施以降低当前的市场准入水平。这种“固定”当然不会成为现有状况和新自由化的有约束力承诺的替代品，但延长 12 个月的承诺将为世界各地的货物和服务贸易带来稳定。此时，
49、撤销市场准入将加深当前的经济危机。考虑到各国正在进行经济刺激计划，确保这些方案是非歧视的并尊重 20 国集团和亚太经合组织的承诺是至关重要的。否则，服务供应商可能会被排除在新的机遇之外。 （二）结束世贸组织多哈回合的服务业谈判 提供新的商业机会的多哈回合谈判是扩大美国服务提供商的商业机会，增加这方面的竞争力，并促进新的国内外经济增长最 好的短期方法。一揽子的方法意味着，服务协议取决于其他部门的协定，而其他部门由完全不同的谈判所驱动。世贸组织的未来需要新的和创造性的想法。 1、重振世界贸易组织。服务产业联合会及其成员都致力于政府当局和我们贸易伙伴的合作，以找到新的方式来重振多哈回合谈判并加强世贸组织。 2、维护和促进信号及意愿（ signals and offers）。在 2008 年 7 月世贸组织服务“吹风会议”（ Signaling Conference）上，一些主要 国家显示的迹象表明他们将促进重要服务行业的意愿。我们认为，这些信号随着成员国在多哈回合中提出的真实意愿活动进展，并行为世贸组织谈判中成功的一步。 （三） 通过悬而未决的自由贸易协定 服务产业联
